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Atom Translations and CUDA stub

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This commit is contained in:
Vitor Santos Costa 2013-10-04 13:22:00 +01:00
parent 860a5dcd02
commit 43163a190f
17 changed files with 481 additions and 46 deletions
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24
C/adtdefs.c
View File

@ -1176,6 +1176,30 @@ Yap_PutValue(Atom a, Term v)
WRITE_UNLOCK(p->VRWLock);
}
void
Yap_PutAtomTranslation(Atom a, Int i)
{
AtomEntry *ae = RepAtom(a);
Prop p0;
TranslationEntry *p;
WRITE_LOCK(ae->ARWLock);
p0 = GetAPropHavingLock(ae, TranslationProperty);
if (p0 == NIL) {
p = (TranslationEntry *) Yap_AllocAtomSpace(sizeof(TranslationEntry));
if (p == NULL) {
WRITE_UNLOCK(ae->ARWLock);
return;
}
p->KindOfPE = TranslationProperty;
p->Translation = i;
AddPropToAtom(RepAtom(a), (PropEntry *)p);
}
/* take care that the lock for the property will be inited even
if someone else searches for the property */
WRITE_UNLOCK(ae->ARWLock);
}
Term
Yap_StringToList(char *s)
{

20
C/c_interface.c
View File

@ -567,6 +567,8 @@ X_API size_t YAP_ExportTerm(Term, char *, size_t);
X_API size_t YAP_SizeOfExportedTerm(char *);
X_API Term YAP_ImportTerm(char *);
X_API int YAP_RequiresExtraStack(size_t);
X_API Int YAP_AtomToInt(Atom At);
X_API Atom YAP_IntToAtom(Int i);
static UInt
current_arity(void)
@ -4140,3 +4142,21 @@ YAP_RequiresExtraStack(size_t sz) {
RECOVER_H();
return TRUE;
}
X_API Int
YAP_AtomToInt(Atom At)
{
TranslationEntry *te = Yap_GetTranslationProp(At);
if (te != NIL) return te->Translation;
SWI_Atoms[AtomTranslations] = At;
Yap_PutAtomTranslation(At, AtomTranslations);
AtomTranslations++;
return AtomTranslations-1;
}
X_API Atom
YAP_IntToAtom(Int i)
{
return SWI_Atoms[i];
}

82
H/Yatom.h
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@ -191,6 +191,8 @@ IsFunctorProperty (int flags)
bb 00 functor entry
ff df sparse functor
ff ex arithmetic property
ff f4 translation
ff f5 blob
ff f6 hold
ff f7 array
ff f8 wide atom
@ -1175,16 +1177,90 @@ AbsHoldProp (HoldEntry * p)
#endif
#define HoldProperty 0xfff6
/* translation property entry structure */
typedef struct translation_entry
{
Prop NextOfPE; /* used to chain properties */
PropFlags KindOfPE; /* kind of property */
Int Translation; /* used to hash the atom as an integer; */
} TranslationEntry;
#if USE_OFFSETS_IN_PROPS
INLINE_ONLY inline EXTERN TranslationEntry *RepTranslationProp (Prop p);
INLINE_ONLY inline EXTERN TranslationEntry *
RepTranslationProp (Prop p)
{
return (TranslationEntry *) (AtomBase + Unsigned (p));
}
INLINE_ONLY inline EXTERN Prop AbsTranslationProp (TranslationEntry * p);
INLINE_ONLY inline EXTERN Prop
AbsTranslationProp (TranslationEntry * p)
{
return (Prop) (Addr (p) - AtomBase);
}
#else
INLINE_ONLY inline EXTERN TranslationEntry *RepTranslationProp (Prop p);
INLINE_ONLY inline EXTERN TranslationEntry *
RepTranslationProp (Prop p)
{
return (TranslationEntry *) (p);
}
INLINE_ONLY inline EXTERN Prop AbsTranslationProp (TranslationEntry * p);
INLINE_ONLY inline EXTERN Prop
AbsTranslationProp (TranslationEntry * p)
{
return (Prop) (p);
}
#endif
#define TranslationProperty 0xfff4
void Yap_PutAtomTranslation(Atom a, Int i);
/* get translation prop for atom; */
static inline TranslationEntry *
Yap_GetTranslationProp(Atom at)
{
Prop p0;
AtomEntry *ae = RepAtom(at);
TranslationEntry *p;
READ_LOCK(ae->ARWLock);
p = RepTranslationProp(p0 = ae->PropsOfAE);
while (p0 && p->KindOfPE != TranslationProperty)
p = RepTranslationProp(p0 = p->NextOfPE);
READ_UNLOCK(ae->ARWLock);
if (p0 == NIL) return NULL;
return p;
}
/* only unary and binary expressions are acceptable */
INLINE_ONLY inline EXTERN PropFlags IsHoldProperty (int);
INLINE_ONLY inline EXTERN PropFlags IsTranslationProperty (int);
INLINE_ONLY inline EXTERN PropFlags
IsHoldProperty (int flags)
IsTranslationProperty (int flags)
{
return (PropFlags) ((flags == HoldProperty));
return (PropFlags) ((flags == TranslationProperty));
}

3
H/dhstruct.h
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@ -298,6 +298,9 @@
#define SWI_Atoms Yap_heap_regs->swi_atoms
#define SWI_Functors Yap_heap_regs->swi_functors
#define SWI_ReverseHash Yap_heap_regs->swi_reverse_hash
#define AtomTranslations Yap_heap_regs->atom_translations
#define MaxAtomTranslations Yap_heap_regs->max_atom_translations
#define EmptyWakeups Yap_heap_regs->empty_wakeups
#define MaxEmptyWakeups Yap_heap_regs->max_empty_wakeups

5
H/hstruct.h
View File

@ -295,9 +295,12 @@
struct record_list *yap_records;
Atom swi_atoms[N_SWI_ATOMS];
Atom swi_atoms[2*N_SWI_ATOMS];
Functor swi_functors[N_SWI_FUNCTORS];
struct swi_reverse_hash swi_reverse_hash[N_SWI_HASH];
Int atom_translations;
Int max_atom_translations;
Atom empty_wakeups[MAX_EMPTY_WAKEUPS];
int max_empty_wakeups;

3
H/ihstruct.h
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@ -298,6 +298,9 @@
InitSWIAtoms();
MaxAtomTranslations = 2*N_SWI_ATOMS;
InitEmptyWakeups();
MaxEmptyWakeups = 0;

9
H/rheap.h
View File

@ -727,7 +727,7 @@ static void
RestoreSWIAtoms__( USES_REGS1 )
{
int i, j;
for (i=0; i < N_SWI_ATOMS; i++) {
for (i=0; i < AtomTranslations; i++) {
SWI_Atoms[i] = AtomAdjust(SWI_Atoms[i]);
}
for (j=0; j < N_SWI_FUNCTORS; j++) {
@ -1474,6 +1474,13 @@ RestoreEntries(PropEntry *pp, int int_key USES_REGS)
PropAdjust(he->NextOfPE);
}
break;
case TranslationProperty:
{
TranslationEntry *he = (TranslationEntry *)pp;
he->NextOfPE =
PropAdjust(he->NextOfPE);
}
break;
case ArrayProperty:
{
ArrayEntry *ae = (ArrayEntry *)pp;

3
H/rhstruct.h
View File

@ -298,6 +298,9 @@
RestoreSWIAtoms();
RestoreEmptyWakeups();

51
configure vendored
View File

@ -703,6 +703,8 @@ ENABLE_HTTP
ENABLE_CLPQR
ENABLE_CLIB
ENABLE_CHR
CUDA_LDFLAGS
CUDA_CPPFLAGS
NO_BUILTIN_REGEXP
YAP_EXTRAS
SONAMEFLAG
@ -5000,12 +5002,33 @@ if test "${with_junit+set}" = set; then :
fi
if test "$orparallelism" = no
then
$as_echo "#define MinHeapSpace (1000*SIZEOF_INT_P)" >>confdefs.h
$as_echo "#define MinStackSpace (300*SIZEOF_INT_P)" >>confdefs.h
$as_echo "#define MinTrailSpace ( 48*SIZEOF_INT_P)" >>confdefs.h
$as_echo "#define MAX_WORKERS 1" >>confdefs.h
else
$as_echo "#define MinHeapSpace (2000*SIZEOF_INT_P)" >>confdefs.h
$as_echo "#define MinStackSpace (600*SIZEOF_INT_P)" >>confdefs.h
$as_echo "#define MinTrailSpace (100*SIZEOF_INT_P)" >>confdefs.h
cat >>confdefs.h <<_ACEOF
#define MAX_WORKERS $yap_cv_max_workers
_ACEOF
if test "$orparallelism" = copy -o "$orparallelism" = yes
then
use_malloc="no"
fi
tabling="no"
fi
cat >>confdefs.h <<_ACEOF
#define DefHeapSpace $yap_cv_heap_space
@ -5024,22 +5047,6 @@ _ACEOF
if test "$orparallelism" = no
then
$as_echo "#define MAX_WORKERS 1" >>confdefs.h
else
cat >>confdefs.h <<_ACEOF
#define MAX_WORKERS $yap_cv_max_workers
_ACEOF
if test "$orparallelism" = copy -o "$orparallelism" = yes
then
use_malloc="no"
fi
tabling="no"
fi
if test "$threads" = no
then
$as_echo "#define MAX_THREADS 1" >>confdefs.h
@ -5144,6 +5151,11 @@ else
ENABLE_CUDD=""
fi
CUDA_LDFLAGS=""
CUDA_CPPFLAGS=""
if test "$use_condor" = yes
then
static_compilation="yes"
@ -9806,6 +9818,8 @@ CMDEXT=sh
@ -11335,6 +11349,7 @@ mkdir -p packages/clpqr
mkdir -p packages/cplint
mkdir -p packages/cplint/approx
mkdir -p packages/cplint/approx/simplecuddLPADs
mkdir -p packages/cuda
mkdir -p packages/http
mkdir -p packages/jpl
mkdir -p packages/jpl/src
@ -11547,6 +11562,9 @@ fi
ac_config_files="$ac_config_files packages/yap-lbfgs/Makefile"
ac_config_files="$ac_config_files packages/cuda/Makefile"
cat >confcache <<\_ACEOF
# This file is a shell script that caches the results of configure
# tests run on this system so they can be shared between configure
@ -12295,6 +12313,7 @@ do
"packages/prism/src/c/Makefile") CONFIG_FILES="$CONFIG_FILES packages/prism/src/c/Makefile" ;;
"packages/prism/src/prolog/Makefile") CONFIG_FILES="$CONFIG_FILES packages/prism/src/prolog/Makefile" ;;
"packages/yap-lbfgs/Makefile") CONFIG_FILES="$CONFIG_FILES packages/yap-lbfgs/Makefile" ;;
"packages/cuda/Makefile") CONFIG_FILES="$CONFIG_FILES packages/cuda/Makefile" ;;
*) as_fn_error $? "invalid argument: \`$ac_config_target'" "$LINENO" 5;;
esac

36
configure.in
View File

@ -467,9 +467,23 @@ AC_ARG_WITH(junit, [ --with-junit=PATH Specify location of the junit JAR file
;;
esac])
if test "$orparallelism" = no
then
AC_DEFINE(MinHeapSpace, (1000*SIZEOF_INT_P))
AC_DEFINE(MinStackSpace,(300*SIZEOF_INT_P))
AC_DEFINE(MinTrailSpace,( 48*SIZEOF_INT_P))
AC_DEFINE(MAX_WORKERS,1)
else
AC_DEFINE(MinHeapSpace, (2000*SIZEOF_INT_P))
AC_DEFINE(MinStackSpace,(600*SIZEOF_INT_P))
AC_DEFINE(MinTrailSpace,(100*SIZEOF_INT_P))
AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED(MAX_WORKERS,$yap_cv_max_workers)
if test "$orparallelism" = copy -o "$orparallelism" = yes
then
use_malloc="no"
fi
tabling="no"
fi
AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED(DefHeapSpace,$yap_cv_heap_space)
AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED(DefStackSpace,$yap_cv_stack_space)
@ -479,18 +493,6 @@ AC_SUBST(DefHeapSpace)
AC_SUBST(DefStackSpace)
AC_SUBST(DefTrailSpace)
if test "$orparallelism" = no
then
AC_DEFINE(MAX_WORKERS,1)
else
AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED(MAX_WORKERS,$yap_cv_max_workers)
if test "$orparallelism" = copy -o "$orparallelism" = yes
then
use_malloc="no"
fi
tabling="no"
fi
if test "$threads" = no
then
AC_DEFINE(MAX_THREADS,1)
@ -565,6 +567,11 @@ else
ENABLE_CUDD=""
fi
CUDA_LDFLAGS=""
CUDA_CPPFLAGS=""
dnl condor universe does not like dynamic linking on Linux, DEC, and HP-UX platforms.
if test "$use_condor" = yes
then
@ -1837,6 +1844,8 @@ AC_SUBST(INSTALL_INFO)
dnl let YAP_EXTRAS fall through configure, from the env into Makefile
AC_SUBST(YAP_EXTRAS)
AC_SUBST(NO_BUILTIN_REGEXP)
AC_SUBST(CUDA_CPPFLAGS)
AC_SUBST(CUDA_LDFLAGS)
AC_SUBST(ENABLE_CHR)
AC_SUBST(ENABLE_CLIB)
AC_SUBST(ENABLE_CLPQR)
@ -2500,6 +2509,7 @@ mkdir -p packages/clpqr
mkdir -p packages/cplint
mkdir -p packages/cplint/approx
mkdir -p packages/cplint/approx/simplecuddLPADs
mkdir -p packages/cuda
mkdir -p packages/http
mkdir -p packages/jpl
mkdir -p packages/jpl/src
@ -2659,5 +2669,7 @@ fi
AC_CONFIG_FILES([packages/yap-lbfgs/Makefile])
AC_CONFIG_FILES([packages/cuda/Makefile])
AC_OUTPUT()

4
library/dialect/swi/fli/swi.c
View File

@ -100,10 +100,10 @@ void
Yap_InitSWIHash(void)
{
int i, j;
memset(SWI_ReverseHash, 0, N_SWI_HASH*sizeof(swi_rev_hash));
for (i=0; i < N_SWI_ATOMS; i++) {
add_to_hash(i, (ADDR)SWI_Atoms[i]);
Yap_PutAtomTranslation( SWI_Atoms[i], i );
}
AtomTranslations = N_SWI_ATOMS;
for (j=0; j < N_SWI_FUNCTORS; j++) {
add_to_hash(j, (ADDR)SWI_Functors[j]);
}

11
library/dialect/swi/fli/swi.h
View File

@ -60,6 +60,7 @@ typedef struct open_query_struct {
static inline void
add_to_hash(Int i, ADDR key)
{
UInt h = addr_hash(key);
while (SWI_ReverseHash[h].key) {
h = (h+1)%N_SWI_HASH;
@ -85,16 +86,18 @@ static inline atom_t
AtomToSWIAtom(Atom at)
{
atom_t ats;
if ((ats = in_hash((ADDR)at)))
return (atom_t)((CELL)ats*2+1);
TranslationEntry *p;
if ((p = Yap_GetTranslationProp(at)) != NULL)
return (atom_t)(p->Translation*2+1);
return (atom_t)at;
}
static inline Atom
SWIAtomToAtom(atom_t at)
{
if ((CELL)at < N_SWI_ATOMS*(LowTagBits+1))
return SWI_Atoms[((CELL)at)/2];
if ((CELL)at < 2*N_SWI_ATOMS+1)
return SWI_Atoms[at/2];
return (Atom)at;
}

7
misc/HEAPFIELDS
View File

@ -336,10 +336,15 @@ ADDR foreign_code_max ForeignCodeMax =NULL void
struct record_list *yap_records Yap_Records =NULL RestoreYapRecords()
/* SWI atoms and functors */
Atom swi_atoms[N_SWI_ATOMS] SWI_Atoms InitSWIAtoms() RestoreSWIAtoms()
Atom swi_atoms[2*N_SWI_ATOMS] SWI_Atoms InitSWIAtoms() RestoreSWIAtoms()
Functor swi_functors[N_SWI_FUNCTORS] SWI_Functors void void
struct swi_reverse_hash swi_reverse_hash[N_SWI_HASH] SWI_ReverseHash void void
/* integer access to atoms */
Int atom_translations AtomTranslations void void
Int max_atom_translations MaxAtomTranslations =2*N_SWI_ATOMS
Atom empty_wakeups[MAX_EMPTY_WAKEUPS] EmptyWakeups InitEmptyWakeups() RestoreEmptyWakeups()
int max_empty_wakeups MaxEmptyWakeups =0

67
packages/cuda/Makefile.in Normal file
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@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
#
# default base directory for YAP installation
# (EROOT for architecture-dependent files)
#
prefix = @prefix@
exec_prefix = @exec_prefix@
ROOTDIR = $(prefix)
EROOTDIR = @exec_prefix@
abs_top_builddir = @abs_top_builddir@
#
# where the binary should be
#
BINDIR = $(EROOTDIR)/bin
#
# where YAP should look for libraries
#
LIBDIR=@libdir@
SHAREDIR=$(ROOTDIR)/share/Yap
YAPLIBDIR=@libdir@/Yap
#
#
CC=@CC@
CFLAGS= @SHLIB_CFLAGS@ $(YAP_EXTRAS) $(DEFS) -I$(srcdir) -I../.. -I$(srcdir)/../../include @CUDA_CPPFLAGS@
LDFLAGS=@LDFLAGS@
#
#
# You shouldn't need to change what follows.
#
INSTALL=@INSTALL@
INSTALL_DATA=@INSTALL_DATA@
INSTALL_PROGRAM=@INSTALL_PROGRAM@
SHELL=/bin/sh
RANLIB=@RANLIB@
srcdir=@srcdir@
SO=@SO@
#4.1VPATH=@srcdir@:@srcdir@/OPTYap
CWD=$(PWD)
#
BDD_PROLOG= \
$(srcdir)/cuda.yap
OBJS=cuda.o
SOBJS=cuda.@SO@
#in some systems we just create a single object, in others we need to
# create a libray
all: $(SOBJS)
cuda.o: $(srcdir)/cuda.c
$(CC) -c $(CFLAGS) $(srcdir)/cuda.c -o cuda.o
@DO_SECOND_LD@%.@SO@: %.o
@DO_SECOND_LD@ @SHLIB_LD@ $(LDFLAGS) -o $@ $< @EXTRA_LIBS_FOR_DLLS@ @CUDA_LDFLAGS@
@DO_SECOND_LD@cuda.@SO@: cuda.o
@DO_SECOND_LD@ @SHLIB_LD@ $(LDFLAGS) -o cuda.@SO@ cuda.o @EXTRA_LIBS_FOR_DLLS@ @CUDA_LDFLAGS@
install: all
mkdir -p $(DESTDIR)$(SHAREDIR)
for h in $(BDD_PROLOG); do $(INSTALL_DATA) $$h $(DESTDIR)$(SHAREDIR); done
$(INSTALL_PROGRAM) $(SOBJS) $(DESTDIR)$(YAPLIBDIR)
clean:
rm -f *.o *~ $(OBJS) $(SOBJS) *.BAK

146
packages/cuda/cuda.c Normal file
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@ -0,0 +1,146 @@
// interface to CUDD Datalog evaluation
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include "config.h"
#include "YapInterface.h"
void Cuda_Initialize( void );
void *Cuda_NewFacts(int nrows, int ncols, int mat[]);
void *Cuda_NewRule(int nrows, int ncols, int vec[], int len);
void init_cuda( void );
static void
dump_mat(int mat[], int nrows, int ncols)
{
int i, j;
for ( i=0; i< nrows; i++) {
printf("%d", mat[i*ncols]);
for (j=1; j < ncols; j++) {
printf(", %d", mat[i*ncols+j]);
}
printf("\n");
}
}
static void
dump_vec(int vec[], int sz)
{
int i;
printf("%d", vec[0]);
for ( i=1; i< sz; i++) {
printf(", %d", vec[i]);
}
printf("\n");
}
// stubs, for now.
void Cuda_Initialize( void )
{
}
void *Cuda_NewFacts(int nrows, int ncols, int mat[])
{
dump_mat( mat, nrows, ncols );
return NULL;
}
void *Cuda_NewRule(int nrows, int ncols, int vec[], int len)
{
dump_vec(vec, len);
return NULL;
}
static int
p_load_facts( void ) {
int nrows = YAP_IntOfTerm(YAP_ARG1);
int ncols = YAP_IntOfTerm(YAP_ARG2), i = 0;
int *mat = (int *)malloc(sizeof(int)*nrows*ncols);
YAP_Term t3 = YAP_ARG3;
void *cudaobj;
while(YAP_IsPairTerm(t3)) {
int j = 0;
YAP_Term th = YAP_HeadOfTerm(t3);
for (j = 0; j < ncols; j++) {
YAP_Term ta = YAP_ArgOfTerm(j+1, th);
if (YAP_IsAtomTerm(ta)) {
mat[i*ncols+j] = YAP_AtomToInt(YAP_AtomOfTerm(ta));
} else {
mat[i*ncols+j] = YAP_IntOfTerm(ta);
}
}
t3 = YAP_TailOfTerm( t3 );
i++;
}
cudaobj = Cuda_NewFacts(nrows, ncols, mat);
return YAP_Unify(YAP_ARG4, YAP_MkIntTerm((YAP_Int)cudaobj));
}
static int
p_load_rule( void ) {
// maximum of 2K symbols per rule, should be enough for ILP
int vec[2048], *ptr = vec;
// qK different variables;
YAP_Term vars[1024];
int nvars = 0;
int ngoals = YAP_IntOfTerm(YAP_ARG1); /* gives the number of goals */
int ncols = YAP_IntOfTerm(YAP_ARG2);
YAP_Term t3 = YAP_ARG3;
void *cudaobj;
while(YAP_IsPairTerm(t3)) {
int j = 0;
YAP_Term th = YAP_HeadOfTerm(t3);
YAP_Functor f = YAP_FunctorOfTerm( th );
int n = YAP_ArityOfFunctor( f );
*ptr++ = YAP_AtomToInt( YAP_NameOfFunctor( f ) );
for (j = 0; j < n; j++) {
YAP_Term ta = YAP_ArgOfTerm(j+1, th);
if (YAP_IsVarTerm(ta)) {
int k;
for (k = 0; k< nvars; k++) {
if (vars[k] == ta) {
*ptr++ = k+1;
break;
}
}
if (k == nvars) {
vars[k] = ta;
*ptr++ = k+1;
nvars++;
}
} else if (YAP_IsAtomTerm(ta)) {
*ptr++ = -YAP_AtomToInt(YAP_AtomOfTerm(ta));
} else {
*ptr++ = -YAP_IntOfTerm(ta);
}
}
*ptr++ = 0;
t3 = YAP_TailOfTerm( t3 );
}
cudaobj = Cuda_NewRule(ngoals, ncols, vec, ptr-vec);
return YAP_Unify(YAP_ARG4, YAP_MkIntTerm((YAP_Int)cudaobj));
}
static int first_time = TRUE;
void
init_cuda(void)
{
if (first_time) Cuda_Initialize();
first_time = FALSE;
YAP_UserCPredicate("load_facts", p_load_facts, 4);
YAP_UserCPredicate("load_rule", p_load_rule, 4);
}

29
packages/cuda/cuda.yap Normal file
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@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
:- module(bdd, [cuda_extensional/2,
cuda_rule/2]).
tell_warning :-
print_message(warning,functionality(cuda)).
:- catch(load_foreign_files([cuda], [], init_cuda),_,fail) -> true ; tell_warning.
:- meta_predicate cudda_extensional(:,-).
cuda_extensional( Call, IdFacts) :-
strip_module(Call, Mod, Name/Arity),
functor(S, Name, Arity),
findall( S, Mod:S, L),
length( L, N ),
load_facts( N, Arity, L, IdFacts ).
cuda_rule((Head :- Body) , IdRules) :-
body_to_list( Body, L, [], 1, N),
functor(Head, Na, Ar),
load_rule( N, Arity, [Head|L], IdRules ).
body_to_list( (B1, B2), LF, L0, N0, N) :- !,
body_to_list( B1, LF, LI, N0, N1),
body_to_list( B2, LI, L0, N1, NF).
body_to_list( B, [B|L], L, N0, N) :-
N is N0+1.

15
packages/cuda/test.yap Normal file
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@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
:- use_module(library(cuda)).
:- initialization(main).
main :-
cuda_extensional(db/2, _X),
cuda_rule((a(X, Y) :- db(Y, Z), db(X, Z), db(1, Z) ), _).
db(1,a).
db(2,a).
db(5,b).
db(4,q).
db(6,w).
db(10,s).