Logtalk 2.29.5 files.
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pmoura
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% simple example of defining an operator local to a source file
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:- op(200, xfx, edge). % global operator, visible within all
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% entities defined in this source file
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:- object(graph).
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:- public(path/3).
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:- public((edge)/2).
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path(Start, End, [Start, End]) :-
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::(Start edge End).
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path(Start, End, [Start| Path]) :-
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::(Start edge Node),
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path(Node, End, Path).
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:- end_object.
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:- object(graph1,
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extends(graph)).
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a edge b.
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a edge c.
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b edge d.
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c edge d.
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:- end_object.
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:- object(graph2,
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extends(graph)).
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v1 edge v2.
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v1 edge v3.
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v2 edge v4.
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v3 edge v4.
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:- end_object.
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:- op(0, xfx, edge). % "undefine" the operator, effectively
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% making it local to this source file
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=================================================================
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Logtalk - Object oriented extension to Prolog
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Release 2.29.5
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Copyright (c) 1998-2007 Paulo Moura. All Rights Reserved.
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=================================================================
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To load this example and for sample queries, please see the SCRIPT file.
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This folder contains a simple single-threaded and multi-threaded versions
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of the merge sort algorithm. Depending on the size of the lists that are
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ordered, the single-threaded version is often faster due not only to the
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overhead of thread creation on the multi-threaded version but also because
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the merge of the sorted sub-lists, where the bulk of the sorting work is
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performed, does not take advantage of multi-threading.
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This example uses a simple implementation of the merge sort algorithm,
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intended only to illustrate Logtalk multi-threading features. For any
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other purpose, you may find the following paper a worthwhile reading:
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@incollection{ apt93modular,
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author = "Krzysztof R. Apt and Dino Pedreschi",
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title = "Modular Termination Proofs for Logic and Pure Prolog Programs.",
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booktitle = "116",
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month = "31",
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publisher = "Centrum voor Wiskunde en Informatica (CWI)",
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address = "ISSN 0169-118X",
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pages = "35",
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year = "1993",
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url = "citeseer.ist.psu.edu/apt93modular.html" }
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=================================================================
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Logtalk - Object oriented extension to Prolog
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Release 2.29.5
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Copyright (c) 1998-2007 Paulo Moura. All Rights Reserved.
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=================================================================
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% start by loading the example and the required library files:
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| ?- logtalk_load(msort(loader)).
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...
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% NOTE: the example queries below use a SWI-Prolog proprietary predicate
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% time/1 in order to get accurate goal times. For other Prolog compilers,
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% replace the time/1 call by any appropriate timing calls (e.g. cputime/0).
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% generate a big list of random floats and then sort it using a single thread:
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?- generator::list(75000, List), time(msort(1)::msort(List, Sorted)).
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% 4,864,942 inferences, 3.25 CPU in 3.42 seconds (95% CPU, 1496905 Lips)
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List = [0.0923009, 0.443585, 0.72304, 0.945816, 0.501491, 0.311327, 0.597448, 0.915656, 0.666957|...],
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Sorted = [1.39358e-06, 3.65916e-05, 4.01297e-05, 4.06822e-05, 5.07434e-05, 5.89827e-05, 6.09007e-05, 0.00010463, 0.000105771|...]
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Yes
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% generate a big list of random floats and then sort it using two threads:
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?- generator::list(75000, List), time(msort(2)::msort(List, Sorted)).
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% 300,072 inferences, 1.77 CPU in 1.15 seconds (153% CPU, 169532 Lips)
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List = [0.0796181, 0.891391, 0.117642, 0.497486, 0.559702, 0.225095, 0.974507, 0.890696, 0.342357|...],
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Sorted = [2.99566e-07, 5.43309e-06, 1.05778e-05, 3.20893e-05, 4.16823e-05, 4.74887e-05, 7.47632e-05, 0.00010165, 0.000111517|...]
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Yes
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% generate a big list of random floats and then sort it using four threads:
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?- generator::list(75000, List), time(msort(4)::msort(List, Sorted)).
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% 375,166 inferences, 1.65 CPU in 0.86 seconds (191% CPU, 227373 Lips)
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List = [0.720675, 0.0274524, 0.430037, 0.335113, 0.381095, 0.448501, 0.176328, 0.447618, 0.353423|...],
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Sorted = [7.91942e-06, 1.90435e-05, 2.04143e-05, 4.50762e-05, 6.8435e-05, 6.99459e-05, 8.55454e-05, 9.07958e-05, 0.000101131|...]
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Yes
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:- object(generator).
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:- info([
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version is 1.0,
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author is 'Paulo Moura',
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date is 2007/03/22,
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comment is 'Simple object defining a predicate for generating lists of random values.']).
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:- public(list/2).
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list(0, []).
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list(N, [R| Rs]) :-
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N > 0,
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N2 is N - 1,
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random::random(R),
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list(N2, Rs).
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:- end_object.
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:- initialization((
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logtalk_load(library(random_loader), [reload(skip)]),
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logtalk_load([generator, msort]))).
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:- object(msort(_Threads)).
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:- info([
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version is 1.0,
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author is 'Paulo Moura',
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date is 2007/03/24,
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comment is 'Single-threaded and multi-threaded versions of the merge sort algorithm.',
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parameters is ['Threads'- 'Number of threads to use in sorting. Valid values are 1, 2, and 4.']]).
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:- threaded.
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:- public(msort/2).
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:- mode(msort(+list, -list), one).
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:- info(msort/2, [
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comment is 'Sorts a list of terms into ascending order.',
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argnames is ['List', 'Sorted']]).
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msort(List, Sorted) :-
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parameter(1, Threads),
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msort(Threads, List, Sorted).
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msort(1, List, Sorted) :-
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st_msort(List, Sorted).
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msort(2, List, Sorted) :-
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mt_msort_2(List, Sorted).
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msort(4, List, Sorted) :-
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mt_msort_4(List, Sorted).
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st_msort([], []).
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st_msort([X], [X]).
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st_msort([X, Y| Xs], Ys) :-
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split([X, Y| Xs], X1s, X2s),
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st_msort(X1s, Y1s),
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st_msort(X2s, Y2s),
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merge(Y1s, Y2s, Ys).
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mt_msort_2(L, S) :-
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split(L, L1, L2),
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threaded((
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st_msort(L1, S1),
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st_msort(L2, S2))),
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merge(S1, S2, S).
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mt_msort_4(L, S) :-
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split(L, L1, L2),
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split(L1, L11, L12),
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split(L2, L21, L22),
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threaded((
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st_msort(L11, S11),
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st_msort(L12, S12),
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st_msort(L21, S21),
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st_msort(L22, S22))),
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threaded((
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merge(S11, S12, S1),
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merge(S21, S22, S2))),
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merge(S1, S2, S).
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split([], [], []).
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split([X| Xs], [X| Ys], Zs) :-
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split(Xs, Zs, Ys).
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merge([X| Xs], [Y| Ys], [X| Zs]) :-
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X @=< Y, !,
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merge(Xs, [Y| Ys], Zs).
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merge([X| Xs], [Y| Ys], [Y| Zs]) :-
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X @> Y, !,
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merge([X | Xs], Ys, Zs).
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merge([], Xs, Xs) :- !.
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merge(Xs, [], Xs).
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:- end_object.
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.1//EN"
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"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml11/DTD/xhtml11.dtd">
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<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en">
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<head>
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<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="application/xml+xhtml; charset=utf-8" />
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<title>Logtalk built-in predicate: threaded/1</title>
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<link rel="stylesheet" href="../../screen.css" type="text/css" media="screen"/>
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<link rel="stylesheet" href="../../print.css" type="text/css" media="print"/>
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</head>
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<body>
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<div class="top-left">Logtalk reference manual</div>
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<div class="top-right">Built-in predicate: threaded/1</div>
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<div class="bottom-left"><span class="page"/></div>
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<div class="bottom-right"><span class="page"/></div>
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<div class="navtop"><a href="../../index.html">contents</a> > <a href="../index.html">reference manual</a> > <a href="../index.html#builtins">built-in predicates</a></div>
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<h2 class="codenp">threaded/1<span id="builtins_threaded1"/></h2>
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<h4>Description</h4>
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<pre>threaded(Conjunction)</pre>
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<p>
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Proves each goal in a conjunction of goals in its own thread. The argument can also be a conjunction of messages, either to <em>self</em> or to an explicit object. A call to this predicate blocks until all individual threads terminate. This predicate is transparent to cuts and exceptions.
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</p>
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<h4>Template and modes</h4>
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<pre>threaded(+callable)</pre>
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<h4>Errors</h4>
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<dl>
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<dt>Conjunction is a variable:</dt>
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<dd><code>instantiation_error</code></dd>
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<dt>A goal in Conjunction is a variable:</dt>
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<dd><code>instantiation_error</code></dd>
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<dt>Conjunction is neither a variable nor a callable term:</dt>
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<dd><code>type_error(callable, Conjunction)</code></dd>
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<dt>A goal Goal in Conjunction is neither a variable nor a callable term:</dt>
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<dd><code>type_error(callable, Goal)</code></dd>
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</dl>
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<h4>Examples</h4>
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<dl>
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<dt>Prove a conjunction of goals, each one in its own thread:</dt>
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<dd><code>threaded((Goal, Goals))</code></dd>
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<dt>Prove a conjunction of messages to <em>self</em>, each one in its own thread:</dt>
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<dd><code>threaded(::(Message, Messages))</code></dd>
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<dt>Prove a conjunction of messages to an object, each one in its own thread:</dt>
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<dd><code>threaded(Object::(Message, Messages))</code></dd>
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</dl>
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<div class="footer">
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<div class="copyright">
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<span>Copyright © <a href="mailto:pmoura@logtalk.org">Paulo Moura</a> — <a href="http://logtalk.org">Logtalk.org</a></span><br/>
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<span>Last updated on: March 24, 2007</span>
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</div>
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<div class="navbottom">
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<span><a href="../index.html#builtins">previous</a> | <a href="../../glossary.html">glossary</a> | <a href="threaded_once1.html">next</a></span><br/>
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</body>
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</html>
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Reference in New Issue