Include Paulo Moura's Logtalk OO LP system

git-svn-id: https://yap.svn.sf.net/svnroot/yap/trunk@53 b08c6af1-5177-4d33-ba66-4b1c6b8b522a

Logtalk/examples/birds/NOTES

@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+=================================================================
+Logtalk - Object oriented extension to Prolog
+Release 2.8.4
+
+Copyright (c) 1998-2001 Paulo Moura.  All Rights Reserved.
+=================================================================
+
+
+To load all objects in this example consult the birds.loader utility
+file.
+
+You will also need to also load the library/hierarchies.loader file.
+Note that the *.loader files are Prolog files.
+
+This folder contains an example of a bird identification expert system 
+adopted with permission from the book "Adventure in Prolog" by Amzi! inc. 
+The book is available on-line in HTML format at the URL:
+
+	http://www.amzi.com
+
+Please refer to the book for more information on the original example.
+
+
+The bird identification hierarchy is organized as a prototype hierarchy
+as follows:
+
+	<order>
+		<family>
+			<bird>
+
+order
+	falconiforms
+		falcon
+			peregrine_falcon
+			sparrow_hawk
+		vulture
+			california_condor
+			turkey_vulture
+	passerformes
+		flycatcher
+			ash_throated_flycatcher
+			great_crested_flycatcher
+		swallow
+			barn_swallow
+			cliff_swallow
+			purple_martin
+	tubenose
+		fulmar
+		albatross
+			black_footed_albatross
+			laysan_albatross
+	waterfowl
+		duck
+			female_mallard
+			male_mallard
+			pintail
+		goose
+			canada_goose
+			snow_goose
+		swan
+			trumpeter_swan
+			whistling_swan
+
+		

Logtalk/examples/birds/SCRIPT

@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+=================================================================
+Logtalk - Object oriented extension to Prolog
+Release 2.8.4
+
+Copyright (c) 1998-2001 Paulo Moura.  All Rights Reserved.
+=================================================================
+
+
+% ask the expert system for help in identifying a bird:
+
+| ?- expert::identify.
+Bird identification expert system
+
+bill:sharp_hooked? (yes or no): yes.
+eats:birds? (yes or no): yes.
+feet:curved_talons? (yes or no): yes.
+head:large? (yes or no): yes.
+
+What is the value for tail?
+1 : narrow_at_tip
+2 : forked
+3 : long_rusty
+4 : square
+5 : other
+Enter the number of choice> 1.
+
+wings:long_pointed? (yes or no): yes.
+
+Possible identification : peregrine_falcon
+
+No (more) candidates found.
+
+(16379 ms) yes
+
+
+% identify another bird:
+
+| ?- expert::identify.
+Bird identification expert system
+
+bill:sharp_hooked? (yes or no): no.
+bill:flat? (yes or no): no.
+bill:short? (yes or no): no.
+bill:hooked? (yes or no): yes.
+
+What is the value for flight?
+1 : ponderous
+2 : powerful
+3 : agile
+4 : flap_glide
+5 : other
+Enter the number of choice> 2.
+
+color:dark? (yes or no): yes.
+live:at_sea? (yes or no): yes.
+nostrils:external_tubular? (yes or no): yes.
+
+What is the value for size?
+1 : large
+2 : plump
+3 : medium
+4 : small
+Enter the number of choice> 1.
+
+wings:long_narrow? (yes or no): yes.
+
+Possible identification : black_footed_albatross
+
+No (more) candidates found.
+
+(34624 ms) yes
+| ?- 

Logtalk/examples/birds/albatross.lgt

@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+
+:- object(albatross,
+	imports(descriptors),
+	extends(tubenose)).
+
+
+	family(albatross).
+
+	size(large).
+
+	wings(long_narrow).
+
+
+:- end_object.

Logtalk/examples/birds/ash_throated_flycatcher.lgt

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+
+:- object(ash_throated_flycatcher,
+	imports(descriptors),
+	extends(flycatcher)).
+
+
+	throat(white).
+
+
+:- end_object.

Logtalk/examples/birds/barn_swallow.lgt

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+
+:- object(barn_swallow,
+	imports(descriptors),
+	extends(swallow)).
+
+
+	tail(forked).
+
+
+:- end_object.

Logtalk/examples/birds/birds.loader

@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+
+:- initialization(
+	logtalk_load([
+		descriptors,
+		expert,
+
+		order,
+
+		falconiforms,				% orders
+		passerformes,
+		tubenose,
+		waterfowl,
+
+		albatross,					% families
+		duck,
+		falcon,
+		flycatcher,
+		goose,
+		swallow,
+		swan,
+		vulture,
+
+		ash_throated_flycatcher,	% birds
+		barn_swallow,
+		black_footed_albatross,
+		california_condor,
+		canada_goose,
+		cliff_swallow,
+		female_mallard,
+		fulmar,
+		great_crested_flycatcher,
+		laysan_albatross,
+		male_mallard,
+		peregrine_falcon,
+		pintail,
+		purple_martin,
+		snow_goose,
+		sparrow_hawk,
+		trumpeter_swan,
+		turkey_vulture,
+		whistling_swan])).

Logtalk/examples/birds/black_footed_albatross.lgt

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+
+:- object(black_footed_albatross,
+	imports(descriptors),
+	extends(albatross)).
+
+
+	color(dark).
+
+
+:- end_object.

Logtalk/examples/birds/california_condor.lgt

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+
+:- object(california_condor,
+	imports(descriptors),
+	extends(vulture)).
+
+
+	flight_profile(flat).
+
+
+:- end_object.

Logtalk/examples/birds/canada_goose.lgt

@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+
+:- object(canada_goose,
+	imports(descriptors),
+	extends(goose)).
+
+
+	head(black).
+
+	cheek(white).
+
+
+:- end_object.

Logtalk/examples/birds/cliff_swallow.lgt

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+
+:- object(cliff_swallow,
+	imports(descriptors),
+	extends(swallow)).
+
+
+	tail(square).
+
+
+:- end_object.

Logtalk/examples/birds/descriptors.lgt

@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+
+:- category(descriptors).
+
+
+	:- info([
+		authors is 'Paulo Moura',
+		version is 1.0,
+		date is 2000/2/18,
+		comment is 'Bird descriptors predicates.',
+		source is 'Example adopted from an Amzi! Inc Prolog book.']).
+
+
+	:- public([
+		bill/1,
+		cheek/1,
+		color/1,
+		eats/1,
+		family/1,
+		feed/1,
+		feet/1,
+		flight/1,
+		flight_profile/1,
+		head/1,
+		live/1,
+		neck/1,
+		nostrils/1,
+		order/1,
+		size/1,
+		tail/1,
+		throat/1,
+		voice/1,
+		wings/1]).
+
+	:- public(descriptor/1).
+
+
+	descriptor(bill/1).
+	descriptor(cheek/1).
+	descriptor(color/1).
+	descriptor(eats/1).
+	descriptor(feed/1).
+	descriptor(feet/1).
+	descriptor(flight/1).
+	descriptor(flight_profile/1).
+	descriptor(head/1).
+	descriptor(live/1).
+	descriptor(neck/1).
+	descriptor(nostrils/1).
+	descriptor(size/1).
+	descriptor(tail/1).
+	descriptor(throat/1).
+	descriptor(voice/1).
+	descriptor(wings/1).
+
+
+:- end_category.

Logtalk/examples/birds/duck.lgt

@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+
+:- object(duck,
+	imports(descriptors),
+	extends(waterfowl)).
+
+
+	family(duck).
+
+	feed(on_water_surface).
+
+	flight(agile).
+
+
+:- end_object.

Logtalk/examples/birds/expert.lgt

@@ -0,0 +1,166 @@
+
+:- object(expert,
+	imports(protected::descriptors)).
+
+
+	:- info([
+		authors is 'Paulo Moura',
+		version is 1.0,
+		date is 2000/2/18,
+		comment is 'Expert system for bird identification.',
+		source is 'Example adopted from an Amzi! Inc Prolog book.']).
+
+
+	:- public(identify/0).
+
+	:- mode(identify, one).
+
+	:- info(identify/0,
+		[comment is 'Starts a bird identification session.']).
+
+
+	:- private(known_/3).
+	:- dynamic(known_/3).
+
+	:- mode(known_(?nonvar, ?nonvar, ?nonvar), zero_or_more).
+
+	:- info(known_/3, [
+		comment is 'Table of already known facts.',
+		argnames is ['Answer', 'Attribute', 'Value']]).
+
+
+	identify :-
+		::retractall(known_(_, _, _)),
+		write('Bird identification expert system'), nl, nl,
+		forall(
+ 			(order::leaf(Bird), check(Bird)),
+			(nl, write('Possible identification : '), write(Bird), nl)),
+		nl, write('No (more) candidates found.').
+
+
+	check(Bird) :-
+		forall(
+			(::descriptor(Functor/Arity),
+			 functor(Predicate, Functor, Arity),
+			 Bird::Predicate),
+			call(Predicate)).
+
+
+	bill(X):-
+		ask(bill, X).
+
+	cheek(X):-
+		ask(cheek, X).
+
+	color(X):-
+		ask(color, X).
+
+	eats(X):-
+		ask(eats, X).
+
+	feed(X):-
+		ask(feed,X).
+
+	feet(X):-
+		ask(feet, X).
+
+	flight(X):-
+		menuask(flight, X, [ponderous, powerful, agile, flap_glide, other]).
+
+	flight_profile(X):-
+		menuask(flight_profile, X, [flat, v_shaped, other]).
+
+	head(X):-
+		ask(head,X).
+
+	live(X) :-
+		ask(live, X).
+
+	neck(X):-
+		ask(neck, X).
+
+	nostrils(X):-
+		ask(nostrils, X).
+
+	size(X):-
+		menuask(size, X, [large, plump, medium, small]).
+
+	tail(X):-
+		menuask(tail, X, [narrow_at_tip, forked, long_rusty, square, other]).
+
+	throat(X):-
+		ask(throat, X).
+
+	voice(X):-
+		ask(voice,X).
+
+	wings(X):-
+		ask(wings, X).
+
+
+	ask(Attribute,Value):-
+		::known_(yes, Attribute, Value),
+		!.
+
+	ask(Attribute,Value):-
+		::known_(_, Attribute, Value),
+		!, fail.
+
+	ask(Attribute,_):-
+		::known_(yes, Attribute, _),
+		!, fail.
+
+	ask(Attribute, Value):-
+		write(Attribute:Value),
+		write('? (yes or no): '),
+		read(Answer),
+		::asserta(known_(Answer, Attribute, Value)),
+		Answer = yes.
+
+
+	menuask(Attribute,Value, _):-
+		::known_(yes, Attribute, Value),
+		!.
+
+	menuask(Attribute, _, _):-
+		::known_(yes, Attribute, _),
+		!, fail.
+
+	menuask(Attribute, AskValue, Menu):-
+		nl, write('What is the value for '), write(Attribute), write('?'), nl,
+		display_menu(Menu),
+		write('Enter the number of choice> '),
+		read(Num),nl,
+		pick_menu(Num, AnswerValue, Menu),
+		::asserta(known_(yes,Attribute,AnswerValue)),
+		AskValue = AnswerValue.
+
+
+	display_menu(Menu):-
+		display_menu(Menu, 1).
+
+
+	display_menu([], _).
+
+	display_menu([Item| Rest], N):-
+		write(N), write(' : '), write(Item), nl,
+		NN is N + 1,
+		display_menu(Rest, NN).
+
+
+	pick_menu(N, Val, Menu):-
+		integer(N),
+		pic_menu(1, N, Val, Menu), !.
+		pick_menu(Val, Val, _).
+
+
+	pic_menu(_, _, none_of_the_above, []).
+
+	pic_menu(N, N, Item, [Item| _]).
+
+	pic_menu(Ctr, N, Val, [_| Rest]):-
+		NextCtr is Ctr + 1,
+		pic_menu(NextCtr, N, Val, Rest).
+
+
+:- end_object.

Logtalk/examples/birds/falcon.lgt

@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+
+:- object(falcon,
+	imports(descriptors),
+	extends(falconiforms)).
+
+
+	family(falcon).
+
+	wings(long_pointed).
+
+	head(large).
+
+	tail(narrow_at_tip).
+
+
+:- end_object.

Logtalk/examples/birds/falconiforms.lgt

@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+
+:- object(falconiforms,
+	imports(descriptors),
+	extends(order)).
+
+
+	order(falconiforms).
+
+	eats(meat).
+
+	feet(curved_talons).
+
+	bill(sharp_hooked).
+
+
+:- end_object.

Logtalk/examples/birds/female_mallard.lgt

@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+
+:- object(female_mallard,
+	imports(descriptors),
+	extends(duck)).
+
+
+	voice(quack).
+
+	color(mottled_brown).
+
+
+:- end_object.

Logtalk/examples/birds/flycatcher.lgt

@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+
+:- object(flycatcher,
+	imports(descriptors),
+	extends(passerformes)).
+
+
+	family(flycatcher).
+
+	bill(flat).
+
+	eats(flying_insects).
+
+
+:- end_object.

Logtalk/examples/birds/fulmar.lgt

@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+
+:- object(fulmar,
+	imports(descriptors),
+	extends(tubenose)).
+
+
+	size(medium).
+
+	flight(flap_glide).
+
+
+:- end_object.

Logtalk/examples/birds/goose.lgt

@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+
+:- object(goose,
+	imports(descriptors),
+	extends(waterfowl)).
+
+
+	family(goose).
+
+	size(plump).
+
+	flight(powerful).
+
+
+:- end_object.

Logtalk/examples/birds/great_crested_flycatcher.lgt

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+
+:- object(great_crested_flycatcher,
+	imports(descriptors),
+	extends(flycatcher)).
+
+
+	tail(long_rusty).
+
+
+:- end_object.

Logtalk/examples/birds/laysan_albatross.lgt

@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+
+:- object(laysan_albatross,
+	imports(descriptors),
+	extends(albatross)).
+
+
+	color(white).
+
+
+:- end_object.
+

Logtalk/examples/birds/male_mallard.lgt

@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+
+:- object(male_mallard,
+	imports(descriptors),
+	extends(duck)).
+
+
+	voice(quack).
+
+	head(green).
+
+
+:- end_object.

Logtalk/examples/birds/order.lgt

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+
+:- object(order,
+	imports(descriptors, proto_hierarchy)).
+
+
+:- end_object.

Logtalk/examples/birds/passerformes.lgt

@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+
+:- object(passerformes,
+	imports(descriptors),
+	extends(order)).
+
+
+	order(passerformes).
+
+	feet(one_long_backward_toe).
+
+
+:- end_object.

Logtalk/examples/birds/peregrine_falcon.lgt

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+
+:- object(peregrine_falcon,
+	imports(descriptors),
+	extends(falcon)).
+
+
+	eats(birds).
+
+
+:- end_object.

Logtalk/examples/birds/pintail.lgt

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+
+:- object(pintail,
+	imports(descriptors),
+	extends(duck)).
+
+
+	voice(short_whistle).
+
+
+:- end_object.

Logtalk/examples/birds/purple_martin.lgt

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+
+:- object(purple_martin,
+	imports(descriptors),
+	extends(swallow)).
+
+
+	color(dark).
+
+
+:- end_object.

Logtalk/examples/birds/snow_goose.lgt

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+
+:- object(snow_goose,
+	imports(descriptors),
+	extends(goose)).
+
+
+	color(white).
+
+
+:- end_object.

Logtalk/examples/birds/sparrow_hawk.lgt

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+
+:- object(sparrow_hawk,
+	imports(descriptors),
+	extends(falcon)).
+
+
+	eats(insects).
+
+
+:- end_object.

Logtalk/examples/birds/swallow.lgt

@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+
+:- object(swallow,
+	imports(descriptors),
+	extends(passerformes)).
+
+
+	family(swallow).
+
+	wings(long_pointed).
+
+	tail(forked).
+
+	bill(short).
+
+
+:- end_object.

Logtalk/examples/birds/swan.lgt

@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+
+:- object(swan,
+	imports(descriptors),
+	extends(waterfowl)).
+
+
+	family(swan).
+
+	neck(long).
+
+	color(white).
+
+	flight(ponderous).
+
+
+:- end_object.

Logtalk/examples/birds/trumpeter_swan.lgt

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+
+:- object(trumpeter_swan,
+	imports(descriptors),
+	extends(swan)).
+
+
+	voice(loud_trumpeting).
+
+
+:- end_object.

Logtalk/examples/birds/tubenose.lgt

@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+
+:- object(tubenose,
+	imports(descriptors),
+	extends(order)).
+
+
+	order(tubenose).
+
+	nostrils(external_tubular).
+
+	live(at_sea).
+
+	bill(hooked).
+
+
+:- end_object.

Logtalk/examples/birds/turkey_vulture.lgt

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+
+:- object(turkey_vulture,
+	imports(descriptors),
+	extends(vulture)).
+
+
+	flight_profile(v_shaped).
+
+
+:- end_object.

Logtalk/examples/birds/vulture.lgt

@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+
+:- object(vulture,
+	imports(descriptors),
+	extends(falconiforms)).
+
+
+	family(vulture).
+
+	feed(scavange).
+
+	wings(broad).
+
+
+:- end_object.

Logtalk/examples/birds/waterfowl.lgt

@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+
+:- object(waterfowl,
+	imports(descriptors),
+	extends(order)).
+
+
+	order(waterfowl).
+
+	feet(webbed).
+
+	bill(flat).
+
+
+:- end_object.

Logtalk/examples/birds/whistling_swan.lgt

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+
+:- object(whistling_swan,
+	imports(descriptors),
+	extends(swan)).
+
+
+	voice(muffled_musical_whistle).
+
+
+:- end_object.