/******************************************************************************\ * * * SimpleCUDD library (www.cs.kuleuven.be/~theo/tools/simplecudd.html) * * SimpleCUDD was developed at Katholieke Universiteit Leuven(www.kuleuven.be) * * * * Copyright Katholieke Universiteit Leuven 2008 * * * * Author: Theofrastos Mantadelis, Angelika Kimmig, Bernd Gutmann * * File: ProblogBDD.c * * * ******************************************************************************** * * * Artistic License 2.0 * * * * Copyright (c) 2000-2006, The Perl Foundation. * * * * Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies of this license * * document, but changing it is not allowed. * * * * Preamble * * * * This license establishes the terms under which a given free software Package * * may be copied, modified, distributed, and/or redistributed. 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THE * * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, OR * * NON-INFRINGEMENT ARE DISCLAIMED TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY YOUR LOCAL LAW. * * UNLESS REQUIRED BY LAW, NO COPYRIGHT HOLDER OR CONTRIBUTOR WILL BE LIABLE * * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING IN * * ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THE PACKAGE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF * * SUCH DAMAGE. * * * * The End * * * \******************************************************************************/ /* modified by Fabrizio Riguzzi in 2009 for dealing with multivalued variables: instead of variables or their negation, the script can contain equations of the form variable=value Multivalued variables are translated to binary variables by means of a log encodimg */ #include "simplecudd.h" #if HAVE_UNISTD_H #include #endif #include #include typedef struct _parameters { int loadfile; int savedfile; int exportfile; int inputfile; int debug; int errorcnt; int *error; int method; int queryid; int timeout; double sigmoid_slope; int online; int maxbufsize; char *ppid; } parameters; typedef struct _gradientpair { double probability; double gradient; } gradientpair; typedef struct _extmanager { DdManager *manager; DdNode *t, *f; hisqueue *his; namedvars varmap; } extmanager; double ProbBool(extmanager MyManager, DdNode *node, int bits, int nBit, int posBVar, variable v, int comp); double Prob(extmanager MyManager, DdNode *node, int comp); int correctPosition(int index, variable v, int posBVar); double ret_prob(extmanager MyManager, DdNode *bdd); int argtype(const char *arg); void printhelp(int argc, char **arg); parameters loadparam(int argc, char **arg); parameters params; void handler(int num); void pidhandler(int num); void termhandler(int num); double sigmoid(double x, double slope); void myexpand(extmanager MyManager, DdNode *Current); double CalcProbability(extmanager MyManager, DdNode *Current); double CalcProbabilitySigmoid(extmanager MyManager, DdNode *Current); gradientpair CalcGradient(extmanager MyManager, DdNode *Current, int TargetVar, char *TargetPattern); int patterncalculated(char *pattern, extmanager MyManager, int loc); char *extractpattern(char *thestr); int main(int argc, char **arg) { clock_t start, endc, endt; double elapsedc, elapsedt; extmanager MyManager; DdNode *bdd; bddfileheader fileheader; int i, ivarcnt, code; gradientpair tvalue; double probability = -1.0; char *varpattern; varpattern = NULL; code = -1; params = loadparam(argc, arg); if (params.errorcnt > 0) { printhelp(argc, arg); for (i = 0; i < params.errorcnt; i++) { fprintf(stderr, "Error: not known or error at parameter %s.\n", arg[params.error[i]]); } return -1; } if (params.online == 0 && params.loadfile == -1) { printhelp(argc, arg); fprintf(stderr, "Error: you must specify a loading file.\n"); return -1; } if (params.method != 0 && arg[params.method][0] != 'g' && arg[params.method][0] != 'p' && arg[params.method][0] != 'o' && arg[params.method][0] != 'l') { printhelp(argc, arg); fprintf(stderr, "Error: you must choose a calculation method beetween " "[p]robability, [g]radient, [l]ine search, [o]nline.\n"); return -1; } if (params.debug) DEBUGON; RAPIDLOADON; SETMAXBUFSIZE(params.maxbufsize); #ifndef _WIN32 signal(SIGINT, termhandler); if (params.ppid != NULL) { signal(SIGALRM, pidhandler); alarm(5); } else { signal(SIGALRM, handler); alarm(params.timeout); } #endif if (params.online) { MyManager.manager = simpleBDDinit(0); MyManager.t = HIGH(MyManager.manager); MyManager.f = LOW(MyManager.manager); MyManager.varmap = InitNamedVars(1, 0); bdd = OnlineGenerateBDD(MyManager.manager, &MyManager.varmap); ivarcnt = GetVarCount(MyManager.manager); } else { fileheader = ReadFileHeader(arg[params.loadfile]); switch (fileheader.filetype) { case BDDFILE_SCRIPT: if (params.inputfile == -1) { printhelp(argc, arg); fprintf(stderr, "Error: an input file is necessary for this type of " "loading file.\n"); return -1; } MyManager.manager = simpleBDDinit(fileheader.varcnt); MyManager.t = HIGH(MyManager.manager); MyManager.f = LOW(MyManager.manager); MyManager.varmap = InitNamedMultiVars( fileheader.varcnt, fileheader.varstart, fileheader.bvarcnt); if (LoadMultiVariableData(MyManager.manager, MyManager.varmap, arg[params.inputfile]) == -1) return -1; start = clock(); bdd = FileGenerateBDD(MyManager.manager, MyManager.varmap, fileheader); endc = clock(); elapsedc = ((double)(endc - start)) / CLOCKS_PER_SEC; printf("elapsed_construction(%lf).\n", elapsedc); ivarcnt = fileheader.varcnt; break; case BDDFILE_NODEDUMP: if (params.inputfile == -1) { printhelp(argc, arg); fprintf(stderr, "Error: an input file is necessary for this type of " "loading file.\n"); return -1; } MyManager.manager = simpleBDDinit(fileheader.varcnt); MyManager.t = HIGH(MyManager.manager); MyManager.f = LOW(MyManager.manager); MyManager.varmap = InitNamedVars(fileheader.varcnt, fileheader.varstart); bdd = LoadNodeDump(MyManager.manager, MyManager.varmap, fileheader.inputfile); ivarcnt = fileheader.varcnt; break; default: fprintf(stderr, "Error: not a valid file format to load.\n"); return -1; break; } } #ifndef _WIN32 alarm(0); #endif // problem specifics if (bdd != NULL) { ivarcnt = RepairVarcnt(&MyManager.varmap); code = 0; /* if (params.inputfile != -1) { if (LoadVariableData(MyManager.varmap, arg[params.inputfile]) == -1) return -1; if (!all_loaded(MyManager.varmap, 1)) return -1; }*/ MyManager.his = InitHistory(ivarcnt); if (params.method != 0) { switch (arg[params.method][0]) { case 'g': for (i = 0; i < MyManager.varmap.varcnt; i++) { if (MyManager.varmap.vars[i] != NULL) { varpattern = extractpattern(MyManager.varmap.vars[i]); if ((varpattern == NULL) || (!patterncalculated(varpattern, MyManager, i))) { tvalue = CalcGradient(MyManager, bdd, i + MyManager.varmap.varstart, varpattern); probability = tvalue.probability; double factor = sigmoid(MyManager.varmap.dvalue[i], params.sigmoid_slope) * (1 - sigmoid(MyManager.varmap.dvalue[i], params.sigmoid_slope)) * params.sigmoid_slope; if (varpattern == NULL) { printf("query_gradient(%s,%s,%1.12f).\n", arg[params.queryid], MyManager.varmap.vars[i], tvalue.gradient * factor); } else { varpattern[strlen(varpattern) - 2] = '\0'; printf("query_gradient(%s,%s,%1.12f).\n", arg[params.queryid], varpattern, tvalue.gradient * factor); } ReInitHistory(MyManager.his, MyManager.varmap.varcnt); } if (varpattern != NULL) free(varpattern); } else { fprintf(stderr, "Error: no variable name given for parameter.\n"); } } if (probability < 0.0) { // no nodes, so we have to calculate probability ourself tvalue = CalcGradient(MyManager, bdd, 0 + MyManager.varmap.varstart, NULL); probability = tvalue.probability; } printf("query_probability(%s,%1.12f).\n", arg[params.queryid], probability); break; case 'l': tvalue = CalcGradient(MyManager, bdd, 0 + MyManager.varmap.varstart, NULL); probability = tvalue.probability; printf("query_probability(%s,%1.12f).\n", arg[params.queryid], probability); break; case 'p': printf("probability(%1.12f).\n", CalcProbability(MyManager, bdd)); break; case 'o': onlinetraverse(MyManager.manager, MyManager.varmap, MyManager.his, bdd); break; default: myexpand(MyManager, bdd); break; } } else { start = clock(); // simpleNamedBDDtoDot(MyManager.manager, MyManager.varmap, bdd, //"bdd.dot"); printf("probability(%1.12f).\n", ret_prob(MyManager, bdd)); endt = clock(); elapsedt = ((double)(endt - start)) / CLOCKS_PER_SEC; printf("elapsed_traversing(%lf).\n", elapsedt); // myexpand(MyManager, bdd); } if (params.savedfile > -1) SaveNodeDump(MyManager.manager, MyManager.varmap, bdd, arg[params.savedfile]); if (params.exportfile > -1) simpleNamedBDDtoDot(MyManager.manager, MyManager.varmap, bdd, arg[params.exportfile]); ReInitHistory(MyManager.his, MyManager.varmap.varcnt); free(MyManager.his); } if (MyManager.manager != NULL) { KillBDD(MyManager.manager); exit(code); free(MyManager.varmap.dvalue); free(MyManager.varmap.ivalue); free(MyManager.varmap.dynvalue); for (i = 0; i < MyManager.varmap.varcnt; i++) { free(MyManager.varmap.vars[i]); free(MyManager.varmap.mvars[i].probabilities); free(MyManager.varmap.mvars[i].booleanVars); } free(MyManager.varmap.vars); free(MyManager.varmap.mvars); free(MyManager.varmap.bVar2mVar); } if (params.error != NULL) free(params.error); return code; } /* Shell Parameters handling */ int argtype(const char *arg) { if (strcmp(arg, "-l") == 0 || strcmp(arg, "--load") == 0) return 0; if (strcmp(arg, "-e") == 0 || strcmp(arg, "--export") == 0) return 2; if (strcmp(arg, "-m") == 0 || strcmp(arg, "--method") == 0) return 3; if (strcmp(arg, "-i") == 0 || strcmp(arg, "--input") == 0) return 4; if (strcmp(arg, "-h") == 0 || strcmp(arg, "--help") == 0) return 5; if (strcmp(arg, "-d") == 0 || strcmp(arg, "--debug") == 0) return 6; if (strcmp(arg, "-id") == 0 || strcmp(arg, "--queryid") == 0) return 7; if (strcmp(arg, "-t") == 0 || strcmp(arg, "--timeout") == 0) return 8; if (strcmp(arg, "-sd") == 0 || strcmp(arg, "--savedump") == 0) return 9; if (strcmp(arg, "-sl") == 0 || strcmp(arg, "--slope") == 0) return 10; if (strcmp(arg, "-o") == 0 || strcmp(arg, "--online") == 0) return 11; if (strcmp(arg, "-bs") == 0 || strcmp(arg, "--bufsize") == 0) return 12; if (strcmp(arg, "-pid") == 0 || strcmp(arg, "--pid") == 0) return 13; return -1; } void printhelp(int argc, char **arg) { fprintf(stderr, "\nUsage: %s -l [filename] -i [filename] -o (-s(d) " "[filename] -e [filename] -m [method] -id [queryid] -sl " "[double]) (-t [seconds] -d -h)\n", arg[0]); fprintf(stderr, "Generates and traverses a BDD\nMandatory parameters:\n"); fprintf(stderr, "\t-l [filename]\t->\tfilename to load supports two " "formats:\n\t\t\t\t\t\t1. script with generation " "instructions\n\t\t\t\t\t\t2. node dump saved file\n"); fprintf(stderr, "\t-i [filename]\t->\tfilename to input problem specifics " "(mandatory with file formats 1, 2)\n"); fprintf(stderr, "\t-o\t\t->\tgenerates the BDD in online mode instead from a " "file can be used instead of -l\n"); fprintf(stderr, "Optional parameters:\n"); fprintf(stderr, "\t-sd [filename]\t->\tfilename to save generated BDD in " "node dump format (fast loading, traverse valid only)\n"); fprintf( stderr, "\t-e [filename]\t->\tfilename to export generated BDD in dot format\n"); fprintf(stderr, "\t-m [method]\t->\tthe calculation method to be used: " "none(default), [p]robability, [g]radient, [o]nline\n"); fprintf(stderr, "\t-id [queryid]\t->\tthe queries identity name (used by " "gradient) default: %s\n", arg[0]); fprintf(stderr, "\t-sl [double]\t->\tthe sigmoid slope (used by gradient) " "default: 1.0\n"); fprintf(stderr, "Extra parameters:\n"); fprintf(stderr, "\t-t [seconds]\t->\tthe seconds (int) for BDD generation " "timeout default 0 = no timeout\n"); fprintf(stderr, "\t-pid [pid]\t->\ta process id (int) to check for " "termination default 0 = no process to check works only " "under POSIX OS\n"); fprintf(stderr, "\t-bs [bytes]\t->\tthe bytes (int) to use as a maximum " "buffer size to read files default 0 = no max\n"); fprintf(stderr, "\t-d\t\t->\tRun in debug mode (gives extra messages in stderr)\n"); fprintf(stderr, "\t-h\t\t->\tHelp (displays this message)\n\n"); fprintf(stderr, "Example: %s -l testbdd -i input.txt -m g -id testbdd\n", arg[0]); } parameters loadparam(int argc, char **arg) { int i; parameters params; params.loadfile = -1; params.savedfile = -1; params.exportfile = -1; params.method = 0; params.inputfile = -1; params.debug = 0; params.errorcnt = 0; params.queryid = 0; params.timeout = 0; params.sigmoid_slope = 1.0; params.online = 0; params.maxbufsize = 0; params.ppid = NULL; params.error = (int *)malloc(argc * sizeof(int)); for (i = 1; i < argc; i++) { switch (argtype(arg[i])) { case 0: if (argc > i + 1) { i++; params.loadfile = i; } else { params.error[params.errorcnt] = i; params.errorcnt++; } break; case 2: if (argc > i + 1) { i++; params.exportfile = i; } else { params.error[params.errorcnt] = i; params.errorcnt++; } break; case 3: if (argc > i + 1) { i++; params.method = i; } else { params.error[params.errorcnt] = i; params.errorcnt++; } break; case 4: if (argc > i + 1) { i++; params.inputfile = i; } else { params.error[params.errorcnt] = i; params.errorcnt++; } break; case 5: printhelp(argc, arg); break; case 6: params.debug = 1; break; case 7: if (argc > i + 1) { i++; params.queryid = i; } else { params.error[params.errorcnt] = i; params.errorcnt++; } break; case 8: if ((argc > i + 1) && (IsPosNumber(arg[i + 1]))) { i++; params.timeout = atoi(arg[i]); } else { params.error[params.errorcnt] = i; params.errorcnt++; } break; case 9: if (argc > i + 1) { i++; params.savedfile = i; } else { params.error[params.errorcnt] = i; params.errorcnt++; } break; case 10: if ((argc > i + 1) && (IsRealNumber(arg[i + 1]))) { i++; params.sigmoid_slope = atof(arg[i]); } else { params.error[params.errorcnt] = i; params.errorcnt++; } break; case 11: params.online = 1; break; case 12: if ((argc > i + 1) && (IsPosNumber(arg[i + 1]))) { i++; params.maxbufsize = atoi(arg[i]); } else { params.error[params.errorcnt] = i; params.errorcnt++; } break; case 13: if ((argc > i + 1) && (IsPosNumber(arg[i + 1]))) { i++; params.ppid = (char *)malloc(sizeof(char) * (strlen(arg[i]) + 1)); strcpy(params.ppid, arg[i]); } else { params.error[params.errorcnt] = i; params.errorcnt++; } break; default: params.error[params.errorcnt] = i; params.errorcnt++; break; } } return params; } /* Error Handlers */ void handler(int num) { fprintf(stderr, "Error: Timeout %i exceeded.\n", params.timeout); exit(-1); } void pidhandler(int num) { char *s; if (params.timeout > 0) { params.timeout -= 5; if (params.timeout <= 0) { fprintf(stderr, "Error: Timeout exceeded.\n"); exit(-1); } } s = (char *)malloc(sizeof(char) * (19 + strlen(params.ppid))); strcpy(s, "ps "); strcat(s, params.ppid); strcat(s, " >/dev/null"); if (system(s) != 0) exit(4); #ifndef _WIN32 signal(SIGALRM, pidhandler); alarm(5); #endif free(s); } void termhandler(int num) { exit(3); } /* General Functions */ double sigmoid(double x, double slope) { return 1 / (1 + exp(-x * slope)); } /* Debugging traverse function */ void myexpand(extmanager MyManager, DdNode *Current) { DdNode *h, *l; hisnode *Found; char *curnode; curnode = GetNodeVarNameDisp(MyManager.manager, MyManager.varmap, Current); printf("%s\n", curnode); if ((Current != MyManager.t) && (Current != MyManager.f) && ((Found = GetNode(MyManager.his, MyManager.varmap.varstart, Current)) == NULL)) { l = LowNodeOf(MyManager.manager, Current); h = HighNodeOf(MyManager.manager, Current); printf("l(%s)->", curnode); myexpand(MyManager, l); printf("h(%s)->", curnode); myexpand(MyManager, h); AddNode(MyManager.his, MyManager.varmap.varstart, Current, 0.0, 0, NULL); } } /* Angelikas Algorithm */ double CalcProbability(extmanager MyManager, DdNode *Current) { DdNode *h, *l; hisnode *Found; char *curnode; double lvalue, hvalue, tvalue; if (params.debug) { curnode = GetNodeVarNameDisp(MyManager.manager, MyManager.varmap, Current); fprintf(stderr, "%s\n", curnode); } if (Current == MyManager.t) return 1.0; if (Current == MyManager.f) return 0.0; if ((Found = GetNode(MyManager.his, MyManager.varmap.varstart, Current)) != NULL) return Found->dvalue; l = LowNodeOf(MyManager.manager, Current); h = HighNodeOf(MyManager.manager, Current); if (params.debug) fprintf(stderr, "l(%s)->", curnode); lvalue = CalcProbability(MyManager, l); if (params.debug) fprintf(stderr, "h(%s)->", curnode); hvalue = CalcProbability(MyManager, h); tvalue = MyManager.varmap.dvalue[GetIndex(Current) - MyManager.varmap.varstart]; tvalue = tvalue * hvalue + lvalue * (1.0 - tvalue); AddNode(MyManager.his, MyManager.varmap.varstart, Current, tvalue, 0, NULL); return tvalue; } /* Bernds Algorithm */ gradientpair CalcGradient(extmanager MyManager, DdNode *Current, int TargetVar, char *TargetPattern) { DdNode *h, *l; hisnode *Found; char *curnode; gradientpair lvalue, hvalue, tvalue; double this_probability; double *gradient; if (params.debug) { curnode = GetNodeVarNameDisp(MyManager.manager, MyManager.varmap, Current); fprintf(stderr, "%s\n", curnode); } if (Current == MyManager.t) { tvalue.probability = 1.0; tvalue.gradient = 0.0; return tvalue; } if (Current == MyManager.f) { tvalue.probability = 0.0; tvalue.gradient = 0.0; return tvalue; } if ((Found = GetNode(MyManager.his, MyManager.varmap.varstart, Current)) != NULL) { tvalue.probability = Found->dvalue; tvalue.gradient = *((double *)Found->dynvalue); return tvalue; } l = LowNodeOf(MyManager.manager, Current); h = HighNodeOf(MyManager.manager, Current); if (params.debug) fprintf(stderr, "l(%s)->", curnode); lvalue = CalcGradient(MyManager, l, TargetVar, TargetPattern); if (params.debug) fprintf(stderr, "h(%s)->", curnode); hvalue = CalcGradient(MyManager, h, TargetVar, TargetPattern); this_probability = sigmoid( MyManager.varmap.dvalue[GetIndex(Current) - MyManager.varmap.varstart], params.sigmoid_slope); tvalue.probability = this_probability * hvalue.probability + (1 - this_probability) * lvalue.probability; tvalue.gradient = this_probability * hvalue.gradient + (1 - this_probability) * lvalue.gradient; if ((GetIndex(Current) == TargetVar) || ((TargetPattern != NULL) && patternmatch(TargetPattern, MyManager.varmap.vars[GetIndex(Current)]))) { tvalue.gradient += hvalue.probability - lvalue.probability; } gradient = (double *)malloc(sizeof(double)); *gradient = tvalue.gradient; AddNode(MyManager.his, MyManager.varmap.varstart, Current, tvalue.probability, 0, gradient); return tvalue; } char *extractpattern(char *thestr) { char *p; int i = 0, sl = strlen(thestr); while ((thestr[i] != '_') && (i < sl)) i++; if (i == sl) return NULL; i++; p = (char *)malloc(sizeof(char) * (i + 2)); strncpy(p, thestr, i); p[i] = '*'; p[i + 1] = '\0'; return p; } int patterncalculated(char *pattern, extmanager MyManager, int loc) { int i; if (pattern == NULL) return 0; for (i = loc - 1; i > -1; i--) if (patternmatch(pattern, MyManager.varmap.vars[i])) return 1; return 0; } double Prob(extmanager MyManager, DdNode *node, int comp) /* compute the probability of the expression rooted at node nodes is used to store nodes for which the probability has alread been computed so that it is not recomputed */ { int mVarIndex, nBit, index; variable v; hisnode *Found; double res; double value; if (Cudd_IsConstant(node)) { value = Cudd_V(node); if (comp) { return 0.0; } else { return 1.0; } } else { Found = GetNode1(MyManager.varmap.bVar2mVar, MyManager.his, MyManager.varmap.varstart, node); if (Found != NULL) { return Found->dvalue; } else { index = Cudd_NodeReadIndex(node); mVarIndex = MyManager.varmap.bVar2mVar[index]; v = MyManager.varmap.mvars[mVarIndex]; nBit = v.nBit; res = ProbBool(MyManager, node, 0, nBit, 0, v, comp); AddNode1(MyManager.varmap.bVar2mVar, MyManager.his, MyManager.varmap.varstart, node, res, 0, NULL); return res; } } } double ProbBool(extmanager MyManager, DdNode *node, int bits, int nBit, int posBVar, variable v, int comp) /* explores a group of binary variables making up the multivalued variable v */ { DdNode *T, *F; double p, res; double *probs; int index; probs = v.probabilities; if (nBit == 0) { if (bits >= v.nVal) { return 0.0; } else { p = probs[bits]; res = p * Prob(MyManager, node, comp); return res; } } else { index = Cudd_NodeReadIndex(node); if (correctPosition(index, v, posBVar)) { T = Cudd_T(node); F = Cudd_E(node); bits = bits << 1; res = ProbBool(MyManager, T, bits + 1, nBit - 1, posBVar + 1, v, comp); comp = (!comp && Cudd_IsComplement(F)) || (comp && !Cudd_IsComplement(F)); res = res + ProbBool(MyManager, F, bits, nBit - 1, posBVar + 1, v, comp); return res; } else { bits = bits << 1; res = ProbBool(MyManager, node, bits + 1, nBit - 1, posBVar + 1, v, comp); res = res + ProbBool(MyManager, node, bits, nBit - 1, posBVar + 1, v, comp); return res; } } } int correctPosition(int index, variable v, int posBVar) /* returns 1 is the boolean variable with index posBVar is in the correct position currently explored by ProbBool */ { int bvar; bvar = v.booleanVars[posBVar]; return (bvar == index); } double ret_prob(extmanager MyManager, DdNode *bdd) { double prob; /* dividend is a global variable used by my_hash it is equal to an unsigned int with binary representation 11..1 */ prob = Prob(MyManager, bdd, Cudd_IsComplement(bdd)); return prob; }