This file documents the YAP Prolog System version 6.3.4, a high-performance Prolog compiler developed at LIACC, Universidade do Porto. YAP is based on David H. D. Warren's WAM (Warren Abstract Machine), with several optimizations for better performance. YAP follows the Edinburgh tradition, and is largely compatible with DEC-10 Prolog, Quintus Prolog, and especially with C-Prolog. + @ref DownloadInstall + @ref Run + @ref YAPLoading + @ref YAPBuiltins + @ref YAPExtensions + @ref YAPProgramming + @ref ChYInterface + @ref YAPLibrary + @ref SWILibrary + @ref Packages \author Vitor Santos Costa, \author Luís Damas, \author Rogério Reis \author Rúben Azevedo © 1989-2014 L. Damas, V. Santos Costa and Universidade do Porto. Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are preserved on all copies. Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided that the entire resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a permission notice identical to this one. Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this manual into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions. \htmlonly This file contains extracts of the SWI-Prolog manual, as written by Jan Wielemaker. Our thanks to the author for his kind permission in allowing us to include his text in this document. \endhtmlonly @section Intro Introduction This document provides User information on version 6.3.4 of YAP (Yet Another Prolog). The YAP Prolog System is a high-performance Prolog compiler developed at LIACC, Universidade do Porto. YAP provides several important features: + Speed: YAP is widely considered one of the fastest available Prolog systems. + Functionality: it supports stream Input/Output, sockets, modules, exceptions, Prolog debugger, C-interface, dynamic code, internal database, DCGs, saved states, co-routining, arrays, threads. + We explicitly allow both commercial and non-commercial use of YAP. YAP is based on the David H. D. Warren's WAM (Warren Abstract Machine), with several optimizations for better performance. YAP follows the Edinburgh tradition, and was originally designed to be largely compatible with DEC-10 Prolog, Quintus Prolog, and especially with C-Prolog. YAP implements most of the ISO-Prolog standard. We are striving at full compatibility, and the manual describes what is still missing. The manual also includes a (largely incomplete) comparison with SICStus Prolog. The document is intended neither as an introduction to Prolog nor to the implementation aspects of the compiler. A good introduction to programming in Prolog is the book @cite TheArtOfProlog , by L. Sterling and E. Shapiro, published by "The MIT Press, Cambridge MA". Other references should include the classical @cite ProgrammingInProlog , by W.F. Clocksin and C.S. Mellish, published by Springer-Verlag. YAP 4.3 is known to build with many versions of gcc (\<= gcc-2.7.2, \>= gcc-2.8.1, \>= egcs-1.0.1, gcc-2.95.\*) and on a variety of Unixen: SunOS 4.1, Solaris 2.\*, Irix 5.2, HP-UX 10, Dec Alpha Unix, Linux 1.2 and Linux 2.\* (RedHat 4.0 thru 5.2, Debian 2.\*) in both the x86 and alpha platforms. It has been built on Windows NT 4.0 using Cygwin from Cygnus Solutions (see README.nt) and using Visual C++ 6.0. The overall copyright and permission notice for YAP4.3 can be found in the Artistic file in this directory. YAP follows the Perl Artistic license, and it is thus non-copylefted freeware. If you have a question about this software, desire to add code, found a bug, want to request a feature, or wonder how to get further assistance, please send e-mail to . To subscribe to the mailing list, visit the page . On-line documentation is available for YAP at: Recent versions of YAP, including both source and selected binaries, can be found from this same URL. This manual was written by Vítor Santos Costa, Luís Damas, Rogério Reis, and Rúben Azevedo. The manual is largely based on the DECsystem-10 Prolog User's Manual by D.L. Bowen, L. Byrd, F. C. N. Pereira, L. M. Pereira, and D. H. D. Warren. We have used comments from the Edinburgh Prolog library written by R. O'Keefe. Documentation from many built-ins is originally from the SWI-Prolog manual, with the gracious uathorization from Jan Wielemaker. We would also like to gratefully acknowledge the contributions from Ashwin Srinivasian. We are happy to include in YAP several excellent packages developed under separate licenses. Our thanks to the authors for their kind authorization to include these packages. The packages are, in alphabetical order: + The CHR package developed by Tom Schrijvers, Christian Holzbaur, and Jan Wielemaker. + The CLP(BN) package and Horus toolkit developed by Tiago Gomes, and Vítor Santos Costa. + The CLP(R) package developed by Leslie De Koninck, Bart Demoen, Tom Schrijvers, and Jan Wielemaker, based on the CLP(Q,R) implementation by Christian Holzbaur. + The CPLint package developed by Fabrizio Riguzzi's research laboratory at the University of Ferrara. Please see + The CUDA interface package developed by Carlos Martínez, Jorge Buenabad, Inês Dutra and Vítor Santos Costa. + The GECODE interface package developed by Denys Duchier and Vítor Santos Costa. + The JPL (Java-Prolog Library) package developed by . + The Logtalk Object-Oriented system is developed at the University of Beira Interior, Portugal, by Paulo Moura: Logtalk is no longer distributed with YAP. Please use the Logtalk standalone installer for a smooth integration with YAP. + The minisat SAT solver interface developed by Michael Codish, Vitaly Lagoon, and Peter J. Stuckey. + The MYDDAS relational data-base interface developed at the Universidade do Porto by Tiago Soares, Michel Ferreira, and Ricardo Rocha. + The PRISM logic-based programming system for statistical modeling developed at the Sato Research Laboratory, TITECH, Japan. + The ProbLog 1 system developed by the ProbLog team in the DTAI group of KULeuven. For general information on ProbLog 1 and 2, please see + The real R interface package developed by Nicos Angelopoulos, Vítor Santos Costa, João Azevedo, Jan Wielemaker, and Rui Camacho. + YAP includes the yap2swi library that ports to YAP code from of SWI's PL interface. This includes the Input/Output Layer, the SWI Foreign Language Interface, and the RDF, archive, clib, http, odbc, plunit, semweb, sgml, and zlib packages written by Jan Wielemaker. Please do refer to the SWI-Prolog home page: for more information on SWI-Prolog and the SWI packages. @page DownloadInstall Downloading, Compiling, and Installing YAP The latest development version of Yap-6 is yap-6.3.4 and can be obtained from the repositories and Several packages are shared with SWI-Prolog and need to be obtained from separate repositories. Proceed as follows: ~~~~~~ cd yap-6.3 git submodule init git submodule update ~~~~~~ Most of these repositories are basically copies of the original repositories at the SWI-Prolog site. YAP-6 will work either with or without these packages. @section CompilingYAP Compiling YAP To compile YAP it should be sufficient to: 1 `autoconf`. Recent versions of YAP try to follow GNU conventions on where to place software. + The main executable is placed at _$BINDIR_. This executa§ble is actually a script that calls the Prolog engine, stored at _$LIBDIR_. + _$LIBDIR_ is the directory where libraries are stored. YAPLIBDIR is a subdirectory that contains the Prolog engine and a Prolog library. + _$INCLUDEDIR_ is used if you want to use YAP as a library. + _$INFODIR_ is where to store `info` files. Usually /usr/local/info, /usr/info, or /usr/share/info. 2 `make`. 3 If the compilation succeeds, try `./yap`. 4 If you feel satisfied with the result, do `make install`. 5 In most systems you will need to be superuser in order to do `make install` and `make info` on the standard directories. @section Configuration_Options Tuning the Functionality of YAP Compiling YAP with the standard options give you a plain vanilla Prolog. You can tune YAP to include extra functionality by calling `configure` with the appropriate options: + `--enable-rational-trees=yes` gives you support for infinite rational trees. + `--enable-coroutining=yes` gives you support for coroutining, including freezing of goals, attributed variables, and constraints. This will also enable support for infinite rational trees. + `--enable-depth-limit=yes` allows depth limited evaluation, say for implementing iterative deepening. + `--enable-low-level-tracer=yes` allows support for tracing all calls, retries, and backtracks in the system. This can help in debugging your application, but results in performance loss. + `--enable-wam-profile=yes` allows profiling of abstract machine instructions. This is useful when developing YAP, should not be so useful for normal users. + `--enable-condor=yes` allows using the Condor system that support High Throughput Computing (HTC) on large collections of distributively owned computing resources. + `--enable-tabling=yes` allows tabling support. This option is still experimental. + `--enable-parallelism={env-copy,sba,a-cow}` allows or-parallelism supported by one of these three forms. This option is still highly experimental. + `--with-max-workers` allows definition of the maximum number of parallel processes (its value can be consulted at runtime using the flag `max_workers`). + `--with-gmp[=DIR]` give a path to where one can find the `GMP` library if not installed in the default path. + `--enable-threads` allows using of the multi-threading predicates provided by YAP. Depending on the operating system, the option `--enable-pthread-locking` may also need to be used. + `--with-max-threads` allows definition of the maximum number of threads (the default value is 1024; its value can be consulted at runtime using the flag [max_threads](@ref max_threads)). Next section discusses machine dependent details. @section Machine_Options Tuning YAP for a Particular Machine and Compiler The default options should give you best performance under `GCC`. Although the system is tuned for this compiler we have been able to compile versions of YAP under lcc in Linux, Sun's cc compiler, IBM's xlc, SGI's cc, and Microsoft's Visual C++ 6.0. @section Tuning_for_GCC Tuning YAP for `GCC`. YAP has been developed to take advantage of `GCC` (but not to depend on it). The major advantage of `GCC` is threaded code and explicit register reservation. YAP is set by default to compile with the best compilation flags we know. Even so, a few specific options reduce portability. The option + `--enable-max-performance=yes` will try to support the best available flags for a specific architectural model. Currently, the option assumes a recent version of `GCC`. + `--enable-debug-yap` compiles YAP so that it can be debugged by tools such as `dbx` or `gdb`. Here follow a few hints: On x86 machines the flags: ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ YAP_EXTRAS= ... -DBP_FREE=1 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ tells us to use the `%bp` register (frame-pointer) as the emulator's program counter. This seems to be stable and is now default. On Sparc/Solaris2 use: ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ YAP_EXTRAS= ... -mno-app-regs -DOPTIMISE_ALL_REGS_FOR_SPARC=1 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ and YAP will get two extra registers! This trick does not work on SunOS 4 machines. Note that versions of GCC can be tweaked to recognize different processors within the same instruction set, e.g. 486, Pentium, and PentiumPro for the x86; or Ultrasparc, and Supersparc for Sparc. Unfortunately, some of these tweaks do may make YAP run slower or not at all in other machines with the same instruction set, so they cannot be made default. Last, the best options also depends on the version of GCC you are using, and it is a good idea to consult the GCC manual under the menus "Invoking GCC"/"Submodel Options". Specifically, you should check `-march=XXX` for recent versions of GCC/EGCS. In the case of `GCC2.7` and other recent versions of `GCC` you can check: + 486: In order to take advantage of 486 specific optimizations in GCC 2.7.\*: ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ YAP_EXTRAS= ... -m486 -DBP_FREE=1 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + Pentium: ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ YAP_EXTRAS= ... -m486 -malign-loops=2 -malign-jumps=2 \ -malign-functions=2 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + PentiumPro and other recent Intel and AMD machines: PentiumPros are known not to require alignment. Check your version of `GCC` for the best `-march` option. + Super and UltraSparcs: ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ YAP_EXTRAS= ... -msupersparc ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + MIPS: if have a recent machine and you need a 64 bit wide address space you can use the abi 64 bits or eabi option, as in: ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ CC="gcc -mabi=64" ./configure --... ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Be careful. At least for some versions of `GCC`, compiling with `-g` seems to result in broken code. + WIN32: GCC is distributed in the MINGW32 and CYGWIN packages. The Mingw32 environment is available from the URL: You will need to install the `msys` and `mingw` packages. You should be able to do configure, make and make install. If you use mingw32 you may want to search the contributed packages for the `gmp` multi-precision arithmetic library. If you do setup YAP with `gmp` note that libgmp.dll must be in the path, otherwise YAP will not be able to execute. The CygWin environment is available from the URL: and mirrors. We suggest using recent versions of the cygwin shell. The compilation steps under the cygwin shell are as follows: ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ mkdir cyg $YAPSRC/configure --enable-coroutining \\ --enable-depth-limit \\ --enable-max-performance make make install ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ By default, YAP will use the `-mno-cygwin` option to disable the use of the cygwin dll and to enable the mingw32 subsystem instead. YAP thus will not need the cygwin dll. It instead accesses the system's CRTDLL.DLL `C` run time library supplied with Win32 platforms through the mingw32 interface. Note that some older WIN95 systems may not have CRTDLL.DLL, in this case it should be sufficient to import the file from a newer WIN95 or WIN98 machine. You should check the default installation path which is set to /YAP in the standard Makefile. This string will usually be expanded into c:\\YAP by Windows. The cygwin environment does not provide gmp on the MINGW subsystem. You can fetch a dll for the gmp library from . It is also possible to configure YAP to be a part of the cygwin environment. In this case you should use: ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ mkdir cyg $YAPSRC/configure --enable-max-performance \\ --enable-cygwin=yes make make install ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ YAP will then compile using the cygwin library and will be installed in cygwin's /usr/local. You can use YAP from a cygwin console, or as a standalone application as long as it can find cygwin1.dll in its path. Note that you may use to use `--enable-depth-limit` for Aleph compatibility, and that you may want to be sure that GMP is installed. @subsection Compiling_Under_Visual_C Compiling Under Visual C++ YAP used to compile cleanly under Microsoft's Visual C++ release 6.0. We next give a step-by-step review on how the core YAP compiled manually using this environment. First, it is a good idea to build YAP as a DLL: + create a project named yapdll using File.New. The project will be a DLL project, initially empty. Notice that either the project is named yapdll or you must replace the preprocessors variable _$YAPDLL_EXPORTS_ to match your project names in the files YAPInterface.h and `c_interface.c`. + add all .c files in the $YAPSRC/C directory and in the $YAPSRC\\OPTYAP directory to the Project's `Source Files` (use FileView). + add all .h files in the _$YAPSRC/H_ directory, _$YAPSRC\\include_ directory and in the _$YAPSRC\\OPTYAP_ subdirectory to the Project's `Header Files`. + Ideally, you should now use `m4` to generate extra .h from .m4 files and use `configure` to create a `config.h`. Or, you can be lazy, and fetch these files from _$YAPSRC\\VC\\include_. + You may want to go to `Build.Set Active Configuration` and set `Project Type` to `Release` + To use YAP's own include directories you have to set the Project option `Project.Project Settings.C/C++.Preprocessor.Additional Include Directories` to include the directories _$YAPSRC\\H_, _$YAPSRC\\VC\\include_, _$YAPSRC\\OPTYAP_ and _$YAPSRC\\include_. The syntax is: ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ $YAPSRC\H, $YAPSRC\VC\include, $YAPSRC\OPTYAP, $YAPSRC\include ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + Build: the system should generate an yapdll.dll and an yapdll.lib. + Copy the file yapdll.dll to your path. The file yapdll.lib should also be copied to a location where the linker can find it. Now you are ready to create a console interface for YAP:
  1. create a second project say `wyap` with `File.New`. The project will be a WIN32 console project, initially empty. + add _$YAPSRC\\console\\yap.c_ to the `Source Files`. + add _$YAPSRC\\VC\\include\\config.h_ and the files in _$YAPSRC\\include_ to the `Header Files`. + You may want to go to `Build.Set Active Configuration` and set `Project Type` to `Release`. + you will eventually need to bootstrap the system by booting from `boot.yap`, so write: ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ -b $YAPSRC\pl\boot.yap ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ in `Project.Project Settings.Debug.Program Arguments`. + You need the sockets and yap libraries. Add ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ws2_32.lib yapdll.lib ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ to `Project.Project Settings.Link.Object/Library Modules` You may also need to set the `Link Path` so that VC++ will find `yapdll.lib`. + set `Project.Project Settings.C/C++.Preprocessor.Additional Include Directories` to include the _$YAPSRC/VC/include_ and _$YAPSRC/include_. The syntax is: ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ $YAPSRC\VC\include, $YAPSRC\include ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + Build the system. + Use `Build.Start Debug` to boot the system, and then create the saved state with ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ['$YAPSRC\\pl\\init']. qsave_program('startup.yss'). ^Z ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ That's it, you've got YAP and the saved state!
The $YAPSRC\\VC directory has the make files to build YAP4.3.17 under VC++ 6.0. @subsection Tuning_for_SGI_cc Compiling Under SGI's cc YAP should compile under the Silicon Graphic's `cc` compiler, although we advise using the GNUCC compiler, if available. + 64 bit Support for 64 bits should work by using (under Bourne shell syntax): ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ CC="cc -64" $YAP_SRC_PATH/configure --... ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ @page Run Running YAP We next describe how to invoke YAP in Unix systems. @section Running_YAP_Interactively Running YAP Interactively Most often you will want to use YAP in interactive mode. Assuming that YAP is in the user's search path, the top-level can be invoked under Unix with the following command: ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ yap [-s n] [-h n] [-a n] [-c IP_HOST port ] [filename] ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ All the arguments and flags are optional and have the following meaning: + -? print a short error message. + -s _Size_ allocate _Size_ KBytes for local and global stacks. The user may specify M bytes. + -h _Size_ allocate _Size_ KBytes for heap and auxiliary stacks + -t _Size_ allocate _Size_ KBytes for the trail stack + -L _Size_ SWI-compatible option to allocate _Size_ K bytes for local and global stacks, the local stack cannot be expanded. To avoid confusion with the load option, _Size_ must immediately follow the letter `L`. + -G _Size_ SWI-compatible option to allocate _Size_ K bytes for local and global stacks; the global stack cannot be expanded + -T _Size_ SWI-compatible option to allocate _Size_ K bytes for the trail stack; the trail cannot be expanded. + -l _YAP_FILE_ compile the Prolog file _YAP_FILE_ before entering the top-level. + -L _YAP_FILE_ compile the Prolog file _YAP_FILE_ and then halt. This option is useful for implementing scripts. + -g _Goal_ run the goal _Goal_ before top-level. The goal is converted from an atom to a Prolog term. + -z _Goal_ run the goal _Goal_ as top-level. The goal is converted from an atom to a Prolog term. + -b _BOOT_FILE_ boot code is in Prolog file _BOOT_FILE_. The filename must define the predicate `'$live'/0`. + -c IP_HOST port connect standard streams to host IP_HOST at port port + filename restore state saved in the given file + -f do not consult initial files + -q do not print informational messages + -- separator for arguments to Prolog code. These arguments are visible through the unix/1 built-in predicate. Note that YAP will output an error message on the following conditions: + a file name was given but the file does not exist or is not a saved YAP state; + the necessary amount of memory could not be allocated; + the allocated memory is not enough to restore the state. When restoring a saved state, YAP will allocate the same amount of memory as that in use when the state was saved, unless a different amount is specified by flags in the command line. By default, YAP restores the file startup.yss from the current directory or from the YAP library. + YAP usually boots from a saved state. The saved state will use the default installation directory to search for the YAP binary unless you define the environment variable YAPBINDIR. + YAP always tries to find saved states from the current directory first. If it cannot it will use the environment variable YAPLIBDIR, if defined, or search the default library directory. + YAP will try to find library files from the YAPSHAREDIR/library directory. @section Running_Prolog_Files Running Prolog Files YAP can also be used to run Prolog files as scripts, at least in Unix-like environments. A simple example is shown next (do not forget that the shell comments are very important): ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ #!/usr/local/bin/yap -L -- # # Hello World script file using YAP # # put a dot because of syntax errors . :- write('Hello World'), nl. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ The `#!` characters specify that the script should call the binary file YAP. Notice that many systems will require the complete path to the YAP binary. The `-L` flag indicates that YAP should consult the current file when booting and then halt. The remaining arguments are then passed to YAP. Note that YAP will skip the first lines if they start with `#` (the comment sign for Unix's shell). YAP will consult the file and execute any commands. A slightly more sophisticated example is: ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ #!/usr/bin/yap -L -- # # Hello World script file using YAP # . :- initialization(main). main :- write('Hello World'), nl. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ The `initialization` directive tells YAP to execute the goal main after consulting the file. Source code is thus compiled and `main` executed at the end. The `.` is useful while debugging the script as a Prolog program: it guarantees that the syntax error will not propagate to the Prolog code. Notice that the `--` is required so that the shell passes the extra arguments to YAP. As an example, consider the following script `dump_args`: ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ #!/usr/bin/yap -L -- #. main( [] ). main( [H|T] ) :- write( H ), nl, main( T ). :- unix( argv(AllArgs) ), main( AllArgs ). ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ If you this run this script with the arguments: ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ./dump_args -s 10000 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ the script will start an YAP process with stack size `10MB`, and the list of arguments to the process will be empty. Often one wants to run the script as any other program, and for this it is convenient to ignore arguments to YAP. This is possible by using `L --` as in the next version of `dump_args`: ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ #!/usr/bin/yap -L -- main( [] ). main( [H|T] ) :- write( H ), nl, main( T ). :- unix( argv(AllArgs) ), main( AllArgs ). ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ The `--` indicates the next arguments are not for YAP. Instead, they must be sent directly to the argv built-in. Hence, running ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ./dump_args test ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ will write `test` on the standard output. @defgroup YAPLoading Loading and Organising YAP Programs @page LoadingInYap Using YAP Programs Next, we present the main predicates and directives available to load files and to control the Prolog environment. + \subpage YAPConsulting + \subpage YAPModules + \subpage YAPSaving This chapter describes the predicates for controlling the execution of Prolog programs. In the description of the arguments of functors the following notation will be used: + a preceding plus sign will denote an argument as an "input argument" - it cannot be a free variable at the time of the call; + a preceding minus sign will denote an "output argument"; + an argument with no preceding symbol can be used in both ways. @defgroup YAPBuiltins YAP Built-Ins @page Core Prolog Built-Ins + @ref YAPControl + @ref arithmetic + @ref YAPChars + @ref YAP_Terms + @ref InputOutput + @ref YAPOS + @ref Database + @ref Sets + @ref Grammars + @ref Term_Modification + @ref LoadForeign + @ref Predicates_on_Atoms + @ref Flags + @ref Deb_Preds @defgroup ChYInterface Foreign Language interface to YAP YAP provides the user with three facilities for writing predicates in a language other than Prolog. Under Unix systems, most language implementations were linkable to `C`, and the first interface exported the YAP machinery to the C language. YAP also implements most of the SWI-Prolog foreign language interface. This gives portability with a number of SWI-Prolog packages and avoids garnage collection by using @ref slotInterface. Last, a new C++ based interface is being designed to work with the swig (@url(www.swig.org}) interface compiler. + The @ref c-interface exports the YAP engine. + The @ref swi-c-interface emulates Jan Wielemaker's SWI foreign language interface. + The @ref yap-cplus-interface is desiged to interface with Object-Oriented systems. @defgroup YAPExtensions Extensions to core Prolog. +@ref Rational_Trees + @ref CohYroutining + @ref Attributed_Variables + @ref DepthLimited + @ref Tabling + @ref Threads + @ref Profiling + @ref YAPArrays + @ref Parallelism @defgroup YAPLibrary The YAP Library @page LIbrary The YAP Library Library files reside in the library_directory path (set by the `LIBDIR` variable in the Makefile for YAP). Several files in the library are originally from the public-domain Edinburgh Prolog library. + @ref maplist + @ref Apply Apply Macros + @ref Association_Lists + @ref AVL_Trees + @ref Exo_Intervals + @ref Heaps + @ref Lists + @ref LineUtilities + @ref matrix + @ref NonhYBacktrackable_Data_Structures + @ref Ordered_Sets + @ref Pseudo_Random + @ref Queues Queues + @ref PseudoRandom + @ref RedhYBlack_Trees + @ref RegExp + @ref Splay_Trees + @ref System + @ref Terms + @ref Tries + @ref Cleanup + @ref Timeout + @ref Trees + @ref UGraphs + @ref DGraphs + @ref UnDGraphs + @ref DBUsage + @ref lambda + @ref clpfd + @ref Block_Diagram @defgroup YAPProgramming Programming in YAP @page Programming Programming in YAP + @ref Syntax + @ref Indexing + @ref Deb_Interaction @defgroup SWILibrary SWI-Prolog Libraries and Packages @page SWICode The SWI-Prolog Libraries and Packages + @ref aggregate + @ref date + @ref debug + @ref persistence + @ref pio + @ref predicate_options + @ref prolog_clause + @ref prolog_colour + @ref prolog_main + @ref prolog_source + @ref quasi_quotations + @ref swi_option + @ref read_util + @ref record + @ref settings + @ref shlib + @ref SWIclib + @ref archive + @ref CHR + @ref clpr + @ref http + @ref zlib @defgroup YAPPackages The YAP packages @page Packages The YAP Packages + @ref real + @ref BDDs + @ref Gecode + @ref MYDDAS + @ref PFL + @ref ProbLog1 + @ref YAPRaptor + @ref YAP-LBFGS @defgroup SWIclib The SWI Extended Operating System Support Package @ingroup SWILibrary The HTTP package is a series of libraries developed by Jan Wielmaker and the SWI-Prolog community for extended Operating System support. Please consult clib.doc for the complete documentation. @defgroup http The SWI http packages @ingroup SWILibrary The HTTP package is a series of libraries developed by Jan Wielmaker and the SWI-Prolog community for accessing and serving data on the web. It supports lower-level transport protocols, but also data-representation primitives, and more. The port to YAP focussed on the client-side support. The server package has not been as widely tested. @page Compatibility Compatibility with Other Prolog systems YAP has been designed to be as compatible as possible with other Prolog systems, and initially with C-Prolog. More recent work on YAP has included features initially proposed for the Quintus and SICStus Prolog systems. Developments since `YAP4.1.6` we have striven at making YAP compatible with the ISO-Prolog standard. @section ChYProlog Compatibility with the C-Prolog interpreter @subsection Major_Differences_with_ChYProlog Major Differences between YAP and C-Prolog. YAP includes several extensions over the original C-Prolog system. Even so, most C-Prolog programs should run under YAP without changes. The most important difference between YAP and C-Prolog is that, being YAP a compiler, some changes should be made if predicates such as `assert`, `clause` and `retract` are used. First predicates which will change during execution should be declared as `dynamic` by using commands like: ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ :- dynamic f/n. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ where `f` is the predicate name and n is the arity of the predicate. Note that several such predicates can be declared in a single command: ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ :- dynamic f/2, ..., g/1. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Primitive predicates such as `retract` apply only to dynamic predicates. Finally note that not all the C-Prolog primitive predicates are implemented in YAP. They can easily be detected using the `unknown` system predicate provided by YAP. Last, by default YAP enables character escapes in strings. You can disable the special interpretation for the escape character by using: ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ :- yap_flag(character_escapes,off). ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ or by using: ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ :- yap_flag(language,cprolog). ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ @subsection Fully_ChYProlog_Compatible YAP predicates fully compatible with C-Prolog These are the Prolog built-ins that are fully compatible in both C-Prolog and YAP: @subsection Not_Strictly_ChYProlog_Compatible YAP predicates not strictly compatible with C-Prolog These are YAP built-ins that are also available in C-Prolog, but that are not fully compatible: @subsection Not_in_ChYProlog YAP predicates not available in C-Prolog These are YAP built-ins not available in C-Prolog. @subsection Not_in_YAP YAP predicates not available in C-Prolog These are C-Prolog built-ins not available in YAP: + 'LC' The following Prolog text uses lower case letters. + 'NOLC' The following Prolog text uses upper case letters only. @section SICStus_Prolog Compatibility with the Quintus and SICStus Prolog systems The Quintus Prolog system was the first Prolog compiler to use Warren's Abstract Machine. This system was very influential in the Prolog community. Quintus Prolog implemented compilation into an abstract machine code, which was then emulated. Quintus Prolog also included several new built-ins, an extensive library, and in later releases a garbage collector. The SICStus Prolog system, developed at SICS (Swedish Institute of Computer Science), is an emulator based Prolog system largely compatible with Quintus Prolog. SICStus Prolog has evolved through several versions. The current version includes several extensions, such as an object implementation, co-routining, and constraints. Recent work in YAP has been influenced by work in Quintus and SICStus Prolog. Wherever possible, we have tried to make YAP compatible with recent versions of these systems, and specifically of SICStus Prolog. You should use ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ :- yap_flag(language, sicstus). ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ for maximum compatibility with SICStus Prolog. @subsection Major_Differences_with_SICStus Major Differences between YAP and SICStus Prolog. Both YAP and SICStus Prolog obey the Edinburgh Syntax and are based on the WAM. Even so, there are quite a few important differences: + Differently from SICStus Prolog, YAP does not have a notion of interpreted code. All code in YAP is compiled. + YAP does not support an intermediate byte-code representation, so the `fcompile/1` and `load/1` built-ins are not available in YAP. + YAP implements escape sequences as in the ISO standard. SICStus Prolog implements Unix-like escape sequences. + YAP implements initialization/1 as per the ISO standard. Use prolog_initialization/1 for the SICStus Prolog compatible built-in. + Prolog flags are different in SICStus Prolog and in YAP. + The SICStus Prolog `on_exception/3` and `raise_exception` built-ins correspond to the ISO built-ins catch/3 and throw/1. + The following SICStus Prolog v3 built-ins are not (currently) implemented in YAP (note that this is only a partial list): file_search_path/2, `stream_interrupt/3`, `reinitialize/0`, `help/0`, `help/1`, `trimcore/0`, `load_files/1`, load_files/2, and `require/1`. The previous list is incomplete. We also cannot guarantee full compatibility for other built-ins (although we will try to address any such incompatibilities). Last, SICStus Prolog is an evolving system, so one can be expect new incompatibilities to be introduced in future releases of SICStus Prolog. + YAP allows asserting and abolishing static code during execution through the assert_static/1 and abolish/1 built-ins. This is not allowed in Quintus Prolog or SICStus Prolog. + The socket predicates, although designed to be compatible with SICStus Prolog, are built-ins, not library predicates, in YAP. + This list is incomplete. The following differences only exist if the language flag is set to `yap` (the default): + The consult/1 predicate in YAP follows C-Prolog semantics. That is, it adds clauses to the data base, even for preexisting procedures. This is different from consult/1 in SICStus Prolog or SWI-Prolog. + By default, the data-base in YAP follows "logical update semantics", as Quintus Prolog or SICStus Prolog do. Previous versions followed "immediate update semantics". The difference is depicted in the next example: ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ :- dynamic a/1. ?- assert(a(1)). ?- retract(a(X)), X1 is X +1, assertz(a(X)). ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ With immediate semantics, new clauses or entries to the data base are visible in backtracking. In this example, the first call to retract/1 will succeed. The call to *assertz/1* will then succeed. On backtracking, the system will retry retract/1. Because the newly asserted goal is visible to retract/1, it can be retracted from the data base, and `retract(a(X))` will succeed again. The process will continue generating integers for ever. Immediate semantics were used in C-Prolog. With logical update semantics, any additions or deletions of clauses for a goal will not affect previous activations of the goal. In the example, the call to assertz/1 will not see the update performed by the assertz/1, and the query will have a single solution. Calling `yap_flag(update_semantics,logical)` will switch YAP to use logical update semantics. + dynamic/1 is a built-in, not a directive, in YAP. + By default, YAP fails on undefined predicates. To follow default SICStus Prolog use: ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ :- yap_flag(unknown,error). ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + By default, directives in YAP can be called from the top level. @subsection Fully_SICStus_Compatible YAP predicates fully compatible with SICStus Prolog These are the Prolog built-ins that are fully compatible in both SICStus Prolog and YAP: @subsection Not_Strictly_SICStus_Compatible YAP predicates not strictly compatible with SICStus Prolog These are YAP built-ins that are also available in SICStus Prolog, but that are not fully compatible: @subsection Not_in_SICStus_Prolog YAP predicates not available in SICStus Prolog These are YAP built-ins not available in SICStus Prolog. @section ISO_Prolog Compatibility with the ISO Prolog standard The Prolog standard was developed by ISO/IEC JTC1/SC22/WG17, the international standardization working group for the programming language Prolog. The book "Prolog: The Standard" by Deransart, Ed-Dbali and Cervoni gives a complete description of this standard. Development in YAP from YAP4.1.6 onwards have striven at making YAP compatible with ISO Prolog. As such: + YAP now supports all of the built-ins required by the ISO-standard, and, + Error-handling is as required by the standard. YAP by default is not fully ISO standard compliant. You can set the language flag to `iso` to obtain very good compatibility. Setting this flag changes the following: + By default, YAP uses "immediate update semantics" for its database, and not "logical update semantics", as per the standard, ( (see SICStus Prolog)). This affects assert/1, retract/1, and friends. Calling `set_prolog_flag(update_semantics,logical)` will switch YAP to use logical update semantics. + By default, YAP implements the atom_chars/2( (see Testing Terms)), and number_chars/2, ( (see Testing Terms)), built-ins as per the original Quintus Prolog definition, and not as per the ISO definition. Calling `set_prolog_flag(to_chars_mode,iso)` will switch YAP to use the ISO definition for atom_chars/2 and number_chars/2. + By default, YAP allows executable goals in directives. In ISO mode most directives can only be called from top level (the exceptions are set_prolog_flag/2 and op/3). + Error checking for meta-calls under ISO Prolog mode is stricter than by default. + The strict_iso flag automatically enables the ISO Prolog standard. This feature should disable all features not present in the standard. The following incompatibilities between YAP and the ISO standard are known to still exist:
  • Currently, YAP does not handle overflow errors in integer operations, and handles floating-point errors only in some architectures. Otherwise, YAP follows IEEE arithmetic. Please inform the authors on other incompatibilities that may still exist. ## Predicate Index ## ## Concept Index ##