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yap-6.3/library/heaps.yap
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Prolog

% This file has been included as an YAP library by Vitor Santos Costa, 1999
% File : HEAPS.PL
% Author : R.A.O'Keefe
% Updated: 29 November 1983
% Purpose: Implement heaps in Prolog.
/* A heap is a labelled binary tree where the key of each node is less
than or equal to the keys of its sons. The point of a heap is that
we can keep on adding new elements to the heap and we can keep on
taking out the minimum element. If there are N elements total, the
total time is O(NlgN). If you know all the elements in advance, you
are better off doing a merge-sort, but this file is for when you
want to do say a best-first search, and have no idea when you start
how many elements there will be, let alone what they are.
A heap is represented as a triple t(N, Free, Tree) where N is the
number of elements in the tree, Free is a list of integers which
specifies unused positions in the tree, and Tree is a tree made of
t terms for empty subtrees and
t(Key,Datum,Lson,Rson) terms for the rest
The nodes of the tree are notionally numbered like this:
1
2 3
4 6 5 7
8 12 10 14 9 13 11 15
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
The idea is that if the maximum number of elements that have been in
the heap so far is M, and the tree currently has K elements, the tree
is some subtreee of the tree of this form having exactly M elements,
and the Free list is a list of K-M integers saying which of the
positions in the M-element tree are currently unoccupied. This free
list is needed to ensure that the cost of passing N elements through
the heap is O(NlgM) instead of O(NlgN). For M say 100 and N say 10^4
this means a factor of two. The cost of the free list is slight.
The storage cost of a heap in a copying Prolog (which Dec-10 Prolog is
not) is 2K+3M words.
*/
:- module(heaps,[
add_to_heap/4, % Heap x Key x Datum -> Heap
get_from_heap/4, % Heap -> Key x Datum x Heap
heap_size/2, % Heap -> Size
heap_to_list/2, % Heap -> List
list_to_heap/2, % List -> Heap
min_of_heap/3, % Heap -> Key x Datum
min_of_heap/5 % Heap -> (Key x Datum) x (Key x Datum)
]).
/*
:- mode
add_to_heap(+, +, +, -),
add_to_heap(+, +, +, +, -),
add_to_heap(+, +, +, +, +, +, -, -),
sort2(+, +, +, +, -, -, -, -),
get_from_heap(+, ?, ?, -),
repair_heap(+, +, +, -),
heap_size(+, ?),
heap_to_list(+, -),
heap_tree_to_list(+, -),
heap_tree_to_list(+, +, -),
list_to_heap(+, -),
list_to_heap(+, +, +, -),
min_of_heap(+, ?, ?),
min_of_heap(+, ?, ?, ?, ?),
min_of_heap(+, +, ?, ?).
*/
% add_to_heap(OldHeap, Key, Datum, NewHeap)
% inserts the new Key-Datum pair into the heap. The insertion is
% not stable, that is, if you insert several pairs with the same
% Key it is not defined which of them will come out first, and it
% is possible for any of them to come out first depending on the
% history of the heap. If you need a stable heap, you could add
% a counter to the heap and include the counter at the time of
% insertion in the key. If the free list is empty, the tree will
% be grown, otherwise one of the empty slots will be re-used. (I
% use imperative programming language, but the heap code is as
% pure as the trees code, you can create any number of variants
% starting from the same heap, and they will share what common
% structure they can without interfering with each other.)
add_to_heap(t(M,[],OldTree), Key, Datum, t(N,[],NewTree)) :- !,
N is M+1,
add_to_heap(N, Key, Datum, OldTree, NewTree).
add_to_heap(t(M,[H|T],OldTree), Key, Datum, t(N,T,NewTree)) :-
N is M+1,
add_to_heap(H, Key, Datum, OldTree, NewTree).
add_to_heap(1, Key, Datum, _, t(Key,Datum,t,t)) :- !.
add_to_heap(N, Key, Datum, t(K1,D1,L1,R1), t(K2,D2,L2,R2)) :-
E is N mod 2,
M is N/2,
% M > 0, % only called from list_to_heap/4,add_to_heap/4
sort2(Key, Datum, K1, D1, K2, D2, K3, D3),
add_to_heap(E, M, K3, D3, L1, R1, L2, R2).
add_to_heap(0, N, Key, Datum, L1, R, L2, R) :- !,
add_to_heap(N, Key, Datum, L1, L2).
add_to_heap(1, N, Key, Datum, L, R1, L, R2) :- !,
add_to_heap(N, Key, Datum, R1, R2).
sort2(Key1, Datum1, Key2, Datum2, Key1, Datum1, Key2, Datum2) :-
Key1 @< Key2,
!.
sort2(Key1, Datum1, Key2, Datum2, Key2, Datum2, Key1, Datum1).
% get_from_heap(OldHeap, Key, Datum, NewHeap)
% returns the Key-Datum pair in OldHeap with the smallest Key, and
% also a New Heap which is the Old Heap with that pair deleted.
% The easy part is picking off the smallest element. The hard part
% is repairing the heap structure. repair_heap/4 takes a pair of
% heaps and returns a new heap built from their elements, and the
% position number of the gap in the new tree. Note that repair_heap
% is *not* tail-recursive.
get_from_heap(t(N,Free,t(Key,Datum,L,R)), Key, Datum, t(M,[Hole|Free],Tree)) :-
M is N-1,
repair_heap(L, R, Tree, Hole).
repair_heap(t(K1,D1,L1,R1), t(K2,D2,L2,R2), t(K2,D2,t(K1,D1,L1,R1),R3), N) :-
K2 @< K1,
!,
repair_heap(L2, R2, R3, M),
N is 2*M+1.
repair_heap(t(K1,D1,L1,R1), t(K2,D2,L2,R2), t(K1,D1,L3,t(K2,D2,L2,R2)), N) :- !,
repair_heap(L1, R1, L3, M),
N is 2*M.
repair_heap(t(K1,D1,L1,R1), t, t(K1,D1,L3,t), N) :- !,
repair_heap(L1, R1, L3, M),
N is 2*M.
repair_heap(t, t(K2,D2,L2,R2), t(K2,D2,t,R3), N) :- !,
repair_heap(L2, R2, R3, M),
N is 2*M+1.
repair_heap(t, t, t, 1) :- !.
% heap_size(Heap, Size)
% reports the number of elements currently in the heap.
heap_size(t(Size,_,_), Size).
% heap_to_list(Heap, List)
% returns the current set of Key-Datum pairs in the Heap as a
% List, sorted into ascending order of Keys. This is included
% simply because I think every data structure foo ought to have
% a foo_to_list and list_to_foo relation (where, of course, it
% makes sense!) so that conversion between arbitrary data
% structures is as easy as possible. This predicate is basically
% just a merge sort, where we can exploit the fact that the tops
% of the subtrees are smaller than their descendants.
heap_to_list(t(_,_,Tree), List) :-
heap_tree_to_list(Tree, List).
heap_tree_to_list(t, []) :- !.
heap_tree_to_list(t(Key,Datum,Lson,Rson), [Key-Datum|Merged]) :-
heap_tree_to_list(Lson, Llist),
heap_tree_to_list(Rson, Rlist),
heap_tree_to_list(Llist, Rlist, Merged).
heap_tree_to_list([H1|T1], [H2|T2], [H2|T3]) :-
H2 @< H1,
!,
heap_tree_to_list([H1|T1], T2, T3).
heap_tree_to_list([H1|T1], T2, [H1|T3]) :- !,
heap_tree_to_list(T1, T2, T3).
heap_tree_to_list([], T, T) :- !.
heap_tree_to_list(T, [], T).
% list_to_heap(List, Heap)
% takes a list of Key-Datum pairs (such as keysort could be used to
% sort) and forms them into a heap. We could do that a wee bit
% faster by keysorting the list and building the tree directly, but
% this algorithm makes it obvious that the result is a heap, and
% could be adapted for use when the ordering predicate is not @<
% and hence keysort is inapplicable.
list_to_heap(List, Heap) :-
list_to_heap(List, 0, t, Heap).
list_to_heap([], N, Tree, t(N,[],Tree)) :- !.
list_to_heap([Key-Datum|Rest], M, OldTree, Heap) :-
N is M+1,
add_to_heap(N, Key, Datum, OldTree, MidTree),
list_to_heap(Rest, N, MidTree, Heap).
% min_of_heap(Heap, Key, Datum)
% returns the Key-Datum pair at the top of the heap (which is of
% course the pair with the smallest Key), but does not remove it
% from the heap. It fails if the heap is empty.
% min_of_heap(Heap, Key1, Datum1, Key2, Datum2)
% returns the smallest (Key1) and second smallest (Key2) pairs in
% the heap, without deleting them. It fails if the heap does not
% have at least two elements.
min_of_heap(t(_,_,t(Key,Datum,_,_)), Key, Datum).
min_of_heap(t(_,_,t(Key1,Datum1,Lson,Rson)), Key1, Datum1, Key2, Datum2) :-
min_of_heap(Lson, Rson, Key2, Datum2).
min_of_heap(t(Ka,Da,_,_), t(Kb,Db,_,_), Kb, Db) :-
Kb @< Ka, !.
min_of_heap(t(Ka,Da,_,_), _, Ka, Da).
min_of_heap(t, t(Kb,Db,_,_), Kb, Db).